Soil engineering primarily focuses on understanding the behavior of soil under different loading conditions to ensure the stability and safety of structures built on or within the soil.

Soil density is a critical factor in determining the bearing capacity of soil. Higher soil density generally indicates a denser soil structure, which can support greater loads.

Consolidation refers to the process by which soil gradually settles and compresses over time under sustained loading, resulting in a decrease in soil volume.

Sandy soil, particularly loose and saturated sandy soil, is most susceptible to liquefaction during an earthquake. Liquefaction occurs when soil loses its strength and behaves like a liquid due to the sudden increase in pore water pressure.

Retaining walls are designed to support and stabilize soil slopes, preventing collapse and ensuring the stability of structures built on or near the slope.

Soil texture, particularly the proportion of sand, silt, and clay particles, plays a significant role in determining the susceptibility of soil to erosion. Sandy soils are more prone to erosion compared to clayey soils.

Soil investigation is conducted prior to construction to determine the soil's bearing capacity, assess the risk of soil erosion, identify potential geological hazards, and evaluate the soil's suitability for the intended purpose.

Clayey soil, when properly compacted, is generally considered to be the most stable and suitable for construction due to its cohesive nature and ability to retain moisture.

Soil stabilization techniques are employed in engineering applications to improve soil strength and stability, particularly in areas where the soil is weak or unstable.

Soil moisture content plays a significant role in determining the potential for soil compaction. Soil that is too dry or too wet is more susceptible to compaction compared to soil with an optimal moisture content.

Compaction is the process of increasing the soil's density and strength by applying mechanical force to reduce the air voids and bring soil particles closer together.

Clayey soil, due to its low permeability and high water retention capacity, is often preferred for constructing earth dams and embankments to prevent water seepage and ensure structural stability.

Geotextiles are used in soil engineering applications to reinforce soil and improve its strength, particularly in areas where the soil is weak or unstable.

Soil density is a critical factor in assessing the potential for soil liquefaction during an earthquake. Loose, saturated sandy soils with low density are more susceptible to liquefaction.

Dewatering is the process of removing water from soil to improve its stability and bearing capacity. This can be achieved through various methods, such as pumping, drainage, or electro-osmosis.