David Hume

John Stuart Mill

Immanuel Kant

Aristotle

A necessary condition is always present when the effect occurs, while a sufficient condition is never present when the effect occurs.

A necessary condition is always present when the effect occurs, while a sufficient condition is sometimes present when the effect occurs.

A necessary condition is sometimes present when the effect occurs, while a sufficient condition is always present when the effect occurs.

A necessary condition is never present when the effect occurs, while a sufficient condition is always present when the effect occurs.

A cause is an event that precedes an effect, while an effect is an event that follows a cause.

A cause is an event that is necessary for an effect to occur, while an effect is an event that is sufficient for a cause to occur.

A cause is an event that is both necessary and sufficient for an effect to occur, while an effect is an event that is neither necessary nor sufficient for a cause to occur.

A cause is an event that is neither necessary nor sufficient for an effect to occur, while an effect is an event that is both necessary and sufficient for a cause to occur.

The laws of nature are always the same.

The laws of nature are always changing.

The laws of nature are sometimes the same and sometimes changing.

The laws of nature are never the same.

A law of nature is a statement that describes a regular pattern in nature, while a scientific theory is an explanation for a law of nature.

A law of nature is an explanation for a regular pattern in nature, while a scientific theory is a statement that describes a regular pattern in nature.

A law of nature is a statement that describes a necessary connection between cause and effect, while a scientific theory is an explanation for a necessary connection between cause and effect.

A law of nature is an explanation for a necessary connection between cause and effect, while a scientific theory is a statement that describes a necessary connection between cause and effect.

The problem of induction is the problem of how we can know that the laws of nature will continue to hold in the future.

The problem of induction is the problem of how we can know that the laws of nature are true.

The problem of induction is the problem of how we can know that the laws of nature are necessary.

The problem of induction is the problem of how we can know that the laws of nature are sufficient.

A causal explanation explains why an event occurred in terms of its causes, while a non-causal explanation explains why an event occurred in terms of its non-causes.

A causal explanation explains why an event occurred in terms of its necessary conditions, while a non-causal explanation explains why an event occurred in terms of its sufficient conditions.

A causal explanation explains why an event occurred in terms of its both necessary and sufficient conditions, while a non-causal explanation explains why an event occurred in terms of neither its necessary nor sufficient conditions.

A causal explanation explains why an event occurred in terms of neither its necessary nor sufficient conditions, while a non-causal explanation explains why an event occurred in terms of its both necessary and sufficient conditions.

A deterministic theory of causation states that every event has a cause, while a non-deterministic theory of causation states that some events do not have causes.

A deterministic theory of causation states that every event has a necessary cause, while a non-deterministic theory of causation states that some events have sufficient causes.

A deterministic theory of causation states that every event has a both necessary and sufficient cause, while a non-deterministic theory of causation states that some events have neither necessary nor sufficient causes.

A deterministic theory of causation states that every event has a neither necessary nor sufficient cause, while a non-deterministic theory of causation states that some events have both necessary and sufficient causes.

A mechanistic theory of causation states that every event is caused by a physical mechanism, while a non-mechanistic theory of causation states that some events are not caused by physical mechanisms.

A mechanistic theory of causation states that every event is caused by a necessary physical mechanism, while a non-mechanistic theory of causation states that some events are caused by sufficient physical mechanisms.

A mechanistic theory of causation states that every event is caused by a both necessary and sufficient physical mechanism, while a non-mechanistic theory of causation states that some events are caused by neither necessary nor sufficient physical mechanisms.

A mechanistic theory of causation states that every event is caused by a neither necessary nor sufficient physical mechanism, while a non-mechanistic theory of causation states that some events are caused by both necessary and sufficient physical mechanisms.

A teleological theory of causation states that every event is caused by a purpose, while a non-teleological theory of causation states that some events are not caused by purposes.

A teleological theory of causation states that every event is caused by a necessary purpose, while a non-teleological theory of causation states that some events are caused by sufficient purposes.

A teleological theory of causation states that every event is caused by a both necessary and sufficient purpose, while a non-teleological theory of causation states that some events are caused by neither necessary nor sufficient purposes.

A teleological theory of causation states that every event is caused by a neither necessary nor sufficient purpose, while a non-teleological theory of causation states that some events are caused by both necessary and sufficient purposes.

A mental theory of causation states that every event is caused by a mental event, while a physical theory of causation states that some events are not caused by mental events.

A mental theory of causation states that every event is caused by a necessary mental event, while a physical theory of causation states that some events are caused by sufficient mental events.

A mental theory of causation states that every event is caused by a both necessary and sufficient mental event, while a physical theory of causation states that some events are caused by neither necessary nor sufficient mental events.

A mental theory of causation states that every event is caused by a neither necessary nor sufficient mental event, while a physical theory of causation states that some events are caused by both necessary and sufficient mental events.

A free will theory of causation states that every event is caused by a free choice, while a determinism theory of causation states that some events are not caused by free choices.

A free will theory of causation states that every event is caused by a necessary free choice, while a determinism theory of causation states that some events are caused by sufficient free choices.

A free will theory of causation states that every event is caused by a both necessary and sufficient free choice, while a determinism theory of causation states that some events are caused by neither necessary nor sufficient free choices.

A free will theory of causation states that every event is caused by a neither necessary nor sufficient free choice, while a determinism theory of causation states that some events are caused by both necessary and sufficient free choices.

A compatibilist theory of free will states that free will is compatible with determinism, while an incompatibilist theory of free will states that free will is incompatible with determinism.

A compatibilist theory of free will states that free will is compatible with necessary determinism, while an incompatibilist theory of free will states that free will is incompatible with sufficient determinism.

A compatibilist theory of free will states that free will is compatible with both necessary and sufficient determinism, while an incompatibilist theory of free will states that free will is incompatible with neither necessary nor sufficient determinism.

A compatibilist theory of free will states that free will is compatible with neither necessary nor sufficient determinism, while an incompatibilist theory of free will states that free will is compatible with both necessary and sufficient determinism.

A hard determinism theory of causation states that every event is caused by a necessary and sufficient condition, while a soft determinism theory of causation states that some events are caused by neither necessary nor sufficient conditions.

A hard determinism theory of causation states that every event is caused by a necessary condition, while a soft determinism theory of causation states that some events are caused by sufficient conditions.

A hard determinism theory of causation states that every event is caused by a both necessary and sufficient condition, while a soft determinism theory of causation states that some events are caused by either necessary or sufficient conditions.

A hard determinism theory of causation states that every event is caused by a neither necessary nor sufficient condition, while a soft determinism theory of causation states that some events are caused by both necessary and sufficient conditions.