It improves air quality due to reduced traffic congestion.

It worsens air quality due to increased emissions from vehicles and industries.

It has no significant impact on air quality.

It improves air quality due to increased green spaces.

Increased exposure to air pollution

Reduced access to healthcare services

Improved sanitation and hygiene

Increased risk of chronic diseases

It promotes mental well-being due to increased social interactions.

It can lead to mental health issues due to stress, isolation, and lack of green spaces.

It has no significant impact on mental health.

It improves mental health due to better access to mental healthcare services.

Increased risk of obesity and cardiovascular diseases

Improved access to healthcare services and facilities

Increased exposure to infectious diseases

Increased risk of respiratory illnesses

It promotes physical activity due to walkable neighborhoods and public transportation.

It discourages physical activity due to sedentary lifestyles and lack of green spaces.

It has no significant impact on physical activity levels.

It increases physical activity levels due to increased opportunities for recreational activities.

Socioeconomic inequalities

Access to healthcare services

Environmental pollution

Genetic factors

It reduces the spread of infectious diseases due to improved sanitation and hygiene.

It increases the spread of infectious diseases due to overcrowding and poor living conditions.

It has no significant impact on the spread of infectious diseases.

It reduces the spread of infectious diseases due to increased access to healthcare services.

Promoting active transportation and walkable neighborhoods

Reducing air pollution and improving air quality

Increasing access to green spaces and parks

All of the above

It strengthens social support networks due to increased opportunities for social interactions.

It weakens social support networks due to social isolation and anonymity.

It has no significant impact on social support networks.

It improves social support networks due to better access to community services.

Increased risk of obesity and cardiovascular diseases

Reduced access to healthcare services

Improved air quality

Increased risk of chronic diseases

It reduces the prevalence of chronic diseases due to improved access to healthcare services.

It increases the prevalence of chronic diseases due to unhealthy lifestyles and environmental stressors.

It has no significant impact on the prevalence of chronic diseases.

It reduces the prevalence of chronic diseases due to increased physical activity levels.

Increased access to cultural and recreational amenities

Improved educational opportunities

Increased risk of mental health issues

Enhanced economic opportunities

It leads to a more equitable distribution of healthcare resources across urban and rural areas.

It concentrates healthcare resources in urban areas, leaving rural areas underserved.

It has no significant impact on the distribution of healthcare resources.

It improves the quality of healthcare services in both urban and rural areas.

Investing in affordable housing and reducing homelessness

Creating safe and walkable neighborhoods

Improving access to green spaces and parks

All of the above

It reduces the risk of heat-related illnesses due to increased green spaces and vegetation.

It increases the risk of heat-related illnesses due to the urban heat island effect.

It has no significant impact on the risk of heat-related illnesses.

It reduces the risk of heat-related illnesses due to improved air quality.