Vehicle emissions, particularly from cars and trucks, are a major contributor to air pollution in urban areas due to the release of pollutants such as carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and particulate matter.

Sulfur dioxide is a major precursor to acid rain, which forms when sulfur dioxide reacts with oxygen and water vapor in the atmosphere to produce sulfuric acid.

Deposition is the process by which air pollutants are removed from the atmosphere and deposited onto surfaces, such as the ground, vegetation, or water bodies.

Carbon dioxide is the primary greenhouse gas responsible for human-induced climate change, primarily due to the burning of fossil fuels.

Atmospheric chemistry refers to the chemical reactions that occur in the Earth's atmosphere, involving various pollutants, gases, and particles.

Photolysis is the process by which ozone is formed in the atmosphere, involving the splitting of oxygen molecules by ultraviolet radiation from the sun.

The troposphere is the lowest layer of the Earth's atmosphere, extending from the surface to about 10-15 kilometers, and is where most weather phenomena occur.

Advection is the process by which air pollutants are transported over long distances by wind currents.

Ozone is a major component of smog, formed through photochemical reactions involving nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds in the presence of sunlight.

Transformation is the process by which air pollutants are converted into less harmful substances through chemical reactions in the atmosphere.

The stratosphere is the layer of the atmosphere that contains the ozone layer, extending from about 10-15 kilometers to about 50 kilometers above the Earth's surface.

Dispersion is the process by which air pollutants are diluted and dispersed in the atmosphere, reducing their concentration.

Sulfur dioxide is a major precursor to particulate matter, which forms through chemical reactions involving sulfur dioxide and other pollutants in the atmosphere.

Transformation is the process by which air pollutants are removed from the atmosphere through chemical reactions, converting them into less harmful substances.

The stratosphere is the layer of the atmosphere where temperature increases with altitude, extending from about 10-15 kilometers to about 50 kilometers above the Earth's surface.