Iron ore is the primary raw material used in iron and steel making. It is a naturally occurring rock that contains iron oxides, such as hematite and magnetite.

Limestone is added to the blast furnace as a fluxing agent. It reacts with impurities in the iron ore, such as silica and alumina, to form a slag that can be easily removed.

Coke is used as a fuel in the blast furnace. It provides the necessary heat to reduce the iron oxides and melt the iron.

The molten iron produced in the blast furnace is called pig iron. It contains a high percentage of carbon and other impurities.

The process of converting pig iron into steel is called decarburization. In this process, the carbon content of the pig iron is reduced to the desired level.

Alloying elements are added to steel to improve its strength, hardness, corrosion resistance, and other properties.

Carbon steel is the most common type of steel. It contains a small amount of carbon, typically less than 1%, and other alloying elements.

Wrought iron is stronger, more malleable, and less brittle than cast iron.

Annealing is a heat treatment process that is used to soften steel. It involves heating the steel to a high temperature and then slowly cooling it.

Tempering is a heat treatment process that is used to increase the hardness, toughness, and reduce the brittleness of steel.

Refining is the process used to remove impurities from steel. It involves adding oxygen to the molten steel to oxidize the impurities, which are then removed as slag.

Rolling is the process used to shape steel into various forms. It involves passing the steel through a series of rollers that gradually reduce its thickness.

Welding is the process used to join two pieces of steel together. It involves melting the edges of the steel and then fusing them together.

Galvanizing is the process used to protect steel from corrosion. It involves coating the steel with a layer of zinc.

Polishing is the process used to improve the surface finish of steel. It involves using abrasive materials to remove imperfections from the surface of the steel.