Molecular paleontology primarily relies on fossils as the source of molecular data. Fossils contain preserved remains or traces of ancient organisms, including DNA, RNA, and proteins.

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) is a molecular technique used to amplify specific regions of DNA. In molecular paleontology, PCR is employed to extract and amplify DNA fragments from ancient fossils, allowing for further analysis and sequencing.

Molecular Phylogenetics is the process of reconstructing the evolutionary relationships among organisms based on molecular data, such as DNA sequences. It involves analyzing genetic similarities and differences to infer evolutionary pathways.

The Strict Clock Model assumes that the rate of molecular evolution is constant over time. This model is often used as a starting point for molecular dating analyses, although more complex models (e.g., Relaxed Clock Model) are often employed to account for variations in evolutionary rates.

Paleoproteomics is the study of ancient proteins from fossils. It involves the analysis of protein sequences and structures to gain insights into the evolution of proteins and the functioning of ancient organisms.

Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) is a technique used to analyze the chemical composition of organic molecules in fossils. It involves separating and identifying compounds based on their mass-to-charge ratio.

Paleomicrobiology is the study of ancient microbial life using molecular techniques. It involves the analysis of DNA, RNA, and proteins from microbial fossils to understand the evolution and diversity of microorganisms throughout history.

The discovery of the Universal Genetic Code, which is shared by all living organisms, provided strong evidence for the common ancestry of all life on Earth.

Molecular Archaeology is the study of ancient DNA from archaeological sites. It involves the analysis of DNA from human remains, animal bones, and plant material to gain insights into past human populations, migrations, and cultural practices.

Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) Analysis is a molecular technique used to analyze the genetic diversity of ancient populations. It involves identifying and studying variations in single nucleotides within DNA sequences.

Molecular Paleoecology is the study of ancient environmental conditions using molecular techniques. It involves the analysis of DNA, RNA, and proteins from fossils and environmental samples to reconstruct past ecosystems and climates.

Mitochondrial DNA Analysis of ancient remains provided evidence for the existence of Neanderthals as a distinct hominin species.

Paleovirology is the study of ancient viruses using molecular techniques. It involves the analysis of viral DNA, RNA, and proteins from fossils and environmental samples to understand the evolution and diversity of viruses throughout history.

DNA Analysis of Ancient Crops provided evidence for the domestication of plants, such as maize and rice, by studying genetic changes over time.

Molecular Anthropology is the study of ancient human populations using molecular techniques. It involves the analysis of DNA, RNA, and proteins from human remains to understand human evolution, migration patterns, and cultural practices.