Urban areas often have less access to healthy food options and more opportunities for physical inactivity, leading to higher rates of obesity.

Urban health geography is a field of study that examines the relationship between urban environments and health, including the impact of factors such as air pollution, housing conditions, and access to healthcare.

Wide sidewalks and bike lanes encourage physical activity and reduce air pollution, both of which are beneficial for health.

The urban health gradient refers to the observed pattern of higher rates of certain diseases in urban areas compared to rural areas.

Dense urban areas often have higher levels of air pollution due to traffic, industry, and other sources, which can lead to respiratory and cardiovascular problems.

Health promotion is the process of improving the health of a population by addressing the social, economic, and environmental factors that influence health.

All of the above policies can contribute to improving the health of urban residents by addressing social, economic, and environmental factors that influence health.

Epidemiology is the study of the distribution of health and disease in a population, including the factors that influence the occurrence of disease.

Income inequality can lead to disparities in health outcomes, as people with lower incomes often have less access to healthcare, healthy food, and safe housing.

Urban health disparity refers to the observed pattern of lower rates of certain diseases in urban areas compared to rural areas.

Air pollution is a major environmental health hazard in urban areas, as it can lead to respiratory and cardiovascular problems.

All of the above terms refer to the process of creating healthy and sustainable urban environments.

Wide sidewalks and bike lanes encourage physical activity and reduce air pollution, both of which are beneficial for health.

The urban health gradient refers to the observed pattern of higher rates of certain diseases in urban areas compared to rural areas.

Income inequality can lead to disparities in health outcomes, as people with lower incomes often have less access to healthcare, healthy food, and safe housing.