IMR is calculated as the number of deaths of infants under one year of age per 1,000 live births. It is a key indicator of a country's healthcare system and overall development.

Sierra Leone has the highest IMR in the world, with an estimated 101 deaths of infants under one year of age per 1,000 live births.

Japan has the lowest IMR in the world, with an estimated 1.5 deaths of infants under one year of age per 1,000 live births.

The major causes of infant mortality include prematurity, low birth weight, birth defects, pneumonia, diarrhea, malaria, HIV/AIDS, and other infectious diseases.

IMR can be reduced by improving access to prenatal care, promoting breastfeeding, vaccinating children against preventable diseases, providing clean water and sanitation, educating mothers about infant care, and implementing other public health interventions.

IMR is inversely related to HDI, meaning that countries with higher IMR tend to have lower HDI, and vice versa.

Madhya Pradesh has the highest IMR in India, with an estimated 48 deaths of infants under one year of age per 1,000 live births.

Kerala has the lowest IMR in India, with an estimated 10 deaths of infants under one year of age per 1,000 live births.

The major challenges in reducing IMR in India include poverty, illiteracy, lack of access to healthcare, poor sanitation, malnutrition, and other socio-economic factors.

The government's initiatives to reduce IMR in India include the National Rural Health Mission (NRHM), Janani Suraksha Yojana (JSY), Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS), Mission Indradhanush, and other public health programs.

The target for IMR in India under the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) is 12 deaths per 1,000 live births.

Individuals can contribute to reducing IMR in their communities by educating themselves about infant care, promoting breastfeeding, vaccinating their children against preventable diseases, ensuring proper nutrition for their children, seeking timely medical care for their children, and advocating for improved healthcare services.

International organizations play a crucial role in reducing IMR globally by providing financial assistance to developing countries, transferring knowledge and technology, advocating for policies that promote infant health, monitoring and evaluating progress in reducing IMR, and coordinating global efforts to improve child health.

Reducing IMR is significant for achieving sustainable development as it is a key indicator of a country's overall development, contributes to improving child health and well-being, leads to a more productive and healthy workforce, promotes gender equality and women's empowerment, and contributes to breaking the cycle of poverty.