The kidneys are responsible for filtering waste products from the blood and producing urine.

The ureters are tubes that transport urine from the kidneys to the bladder.

The bladder stores urine until it is released through the urethra during urination.

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) regulates the production of urine by the kidneys.

Excretion is the process of removing waste products from the body, including through the urinary system.

Nephrons are the functional units of the kidneys that filter blood and produce urine.

The urethra is the tube that carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body.

The gallbladder is part of the digestive system, not the urinary system.

Normal urine typically has a pH between 5 and 6, indicating a slightly acidic state.

Glucose is not normally present in urine. Its presence may indicate a medical condition, such as diabetes.

Polyuria refers to the production of excessive urine, often associated with conditions like diabetes or certain medications.

Calcium oxalate stones are the most common type of kidney stone, often resulting from high levels of calcium and oxalate in the urine.

Nephrectomy is the surgical removal of a kidney, typically performed to treat conditions like kidney cancer or severe kidney damage.

Bacteria, particularly Escherichia coli (E. coli), are the most common cause of urinary tract infections.

Enuresis refers to the involuntary release of urine, commonly known as bedwetting, which can occur during sleep.