Riverine ecosystems are defined by the unidirectional flow of water, which shapes their physical and biological characteristics.

Sunlight availability is not typically a limiting factor in riverine ecosystems, as water depth and turbidity can affect light penetration.

Riverine adaptation refers to the specific adaptations that aquatic organisms develop to survive and thrive in riverine ecosystems.

Salmon are renowned for their remarkable ability to migrate between freshwater and saltwater environments during their life cycle.

Ecological connectivity refers to the interconnectedness and interdependence of organisms within an ecosystem, including their interactions and energy flow.

Phytoplankton are microscopic algae that form the base of the food web in riverine ecosystems, converting sunlight into energy through photosynthesis.

Allochthonous input refers to the process by which organic matter from terrestrial ecosystems, such as fallen leaves and twigs, enters riverine ecosystems.

A streamlined body shape helps aquatic insects reduce drag and move efficiently through the flowing water of riverine ecosystems.

Nutrient cycling refers to the process by which nutrients, such as nitrogen and phosphorus, are exchanged between different components of a riverine ecosystem.

The riparian zone is the area of land adjacent to a river or stream, which often supports diverse vegetation and provides important habitat for aquatic and terrestrial organisms.

Sediment transport refers to the process by which sediment, such as sand and gravel, is moved from one location to another by the flowing water in riverine ecosystems.

Agricultural runoff, containing fertilizers and pesticides, is a common source of pollution in riverine ecosystems, affecting water quality and aquatic life.

Migration refers to the movement of aquatic organisms from one habitat to another within a riverine ecosystem, often in response to changes in environmental conditions or life cycle stages.

Riparian buffer zones are areas of natural vegetation along rivers and streams that help protect water quality and provide habitat for aquatic and terrestrial organisms.

Aquatic ecology is the study of the interactions between aquatic organisms and their physical and chemical environment, including their adaptations, behavior, and ecological roles.