Throughout history, sports have been largely dominated by men, both as participants and spectators.

Gender discrimination refers to the unfair treatment of individuals based on their gender, which can manifest in various forms in the context of sports.

Cultural norms and stereotypes that associate sports with masculinity have historically discouraged women from participating in sports.

Title IX aimed to provide equal opportunities for women in sports by prohibiting discrimination on the basis of sex in federally funded education programs, including athletics.

Sexualization refers to the objectification and scrutiny of female athletes based on their physical appearance, often emphasizing their sexuality rather than their athletic achievements.

Gender bias in sports media manifests in various forms, including underrepresentation of women's sports in coverage, disproportionate focus on male athletes' physical attributes, and lack of female sports commentators.

The femininity imperative refers to the societal expectation that female athletes should conform to traditional feminine ideals and behaviors, such as modesty, grace, and nurturing, often at the expense of their athletic performance.

Transgender athletes may face exclusion from sports teams, misgendering, discrimination, and other challenges due to gender stereotypes and societal biases.

Gender devaluation refers to the tendency to perceive female athletes as less skilled, less competitive, or less deserving of recognition compared to their male counterparts, often based on stereotypical assumptions about their abilities.

Sports can be a powerful tool for social change and gender equality by promoting female participation in sports, challenging gender stereotypes, and empowering women and girls through physical activity and leadership opportunities.

Female athletes often face a gender pay gap, sponsorship disparity, and less media coverage compared to their male counterparts, contributing to gender inequality in sports.

Sports can be used to promote positive body image and self-esteem among girls and women by encouraging participation in diverse sports, challenging unrealistic beauty standards, and providing role models of diverse body types.

Female athletes may face gender-based violence, sexual harassment, or abuse, both on and off the field, creating a hostile environment for their participation in sports.

Sports can be used to challenge traditional gender roles and stereotypes by promoting female leadership in sports organizations, encouraging men to participate in traditionally female sports, and challenging media representations of gender in sports.

Female athletes often face resource disparity, facility inequality, and a training gap compared to their male counterparts, limiting their opportunities to excel in sports.