The primary objective of establishing national parks and wildlife sanctuaries is to protect and conserve biodiversity, ensuring the survival of plant and animal species and their habitats.

Commercial exploitation of natural resources, such as logging, mining, and poaching, is not a key component of effective national park and wildlife sanctuary management, as it undermines conservation efforts and disrupts ecological balance.

Sustainable tourism can contribute to the conservation of national parks and wildlife sanctuaries by generating revenue for conservation efforts, educating visitors about the importance of conservation, and promoting responsible behavior among visitors, such as minimizing their impact on the environment and respecting wildlife.

Local communities play a crucial role in the management of national parks and wildlife sanctuaries by providing employment opportunities for local people, sharing traditional knowledge and practices with park authorities, and participating in decision-making processes related to park management.

Reforestation of degraded areas, eradication of invasive species, and restoration of wetlands and aquatic ecosystems are all examples of best practices in habitat restoration and conservation within national parks and wildlife sanctuaries.

Technology can be utilized to enhance the management of national parks and wildlife sanctuaries by implementing remote sensing and monitoring systems, using GPS and GIS for data collection and analysis, and developing mobile applications for visitor education and engagement.

Conducting scientific research within national parks and wildlife sanctuaries is significant as it helps to understand the ecological processes and biodiversity of the area, monitor the impact of human activities on the environment, and develop conservation strategies and management plans.

Education and awareness programs can contribute to the effective management of national parks and wildlife sanctuaries by fostering a sense of responsibility among visitors, promoting responsible tourism practices, and encouraging local communities to participate in conservation efforts.

Adaptive management is important in the context of national parks and wildlife sanctuaries as it allows for the adjustment of management strategies based on new information and changing conditions, ensures that management practices are effective and efficient, and promotes collaboration and communication among stakeholders.

The carrying capacity of a national park or wildlife sanctuary can be determined by assessing the ecological sensitivity of the area, considering the infrastructure and facilities available, and studying the behavior and impact of visitors.

Law enforcement plays a crucial role in the management of national parks and wildlife sanctuaries by preventing illegal activities such as poaching and encroachment, ensuring the safety and security of visitors and staff, and monitoring compliance with park regulations and guidelines.

Partnerships and collaborations can contribute to the effective management of national parks and wildlife sanctuaries by sharing resources and expertise among stakeholders, promoting coordinated and integrated management efforts, and fostering a sense of shared responsibility for conservation.

Monitoring and evaluation are crucial in the context of national parks and wildlife sanctuaries as they allow for the assessment of the effectiveness of management strategies, identification of areas for improvement and adaptation, and ensure accountability and transparency in park management.

Integrating the cultural and traditional values of local communities into the management of national parks and wildlife sanctuaries can be achieved by involving local communities in decision-making processes, incorporating traditional knowledge and practices into management plans, and promoting cultural tourism and heritage conservation.

The management of national parks and wildlife sanctuaries faces several challenges, including limited resources and funding, human-wildlife conflict, encroachment and illegal activities, and climate change and habitat loss.