Arthur Schopenhauer is widely regarded as the founder of the New Philosophy of Art. His book 'The World as Will and Representation' (1819) laid the groundwork for a new understanding of art as a metaphysical phenomenon.

Schopenhauer believed that art is primarily a means for the artist to express their inner world and communicate their unique perspective on reality.

Schopenhauer argued that art and the intellect are distinct and independent faculties, and that art cannot be reduced to intellectual concepts or rational explanations.

Immanuel Kant introduced the concept of 'aesthetic disinterestedness,' which refers to the idea that aesthetic appreciation should be free from practical or moral concerns and focused solely on the contemplation of beauty.

Kant argued that the primary purpose of art is to create a sense of beauty, which he defined as a subjective experience of pleasure that is disinterested and universal.

Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel believed that art is a form of knowledge that reveals the essential nature of reality, and that it plays a crucial role in the development of human consciousness and understanding.

Hegel considered poetry to be the highest form of art because it is capable of expressing the most profound and universal truths about human existence and the nature of reality.

Friedrich Nietzsche argued that art is a form of play, a creative and joyful activity that allows individuals to transcend the limitations of everyday life and explore new possibilities.

Nietzsche believed that the primary role of art is to facilitate self-expression and creativity, allowing individuals to explore their own unique perspectives and values.

Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel argued that art is a form of communication, a means for individuals to express their thoughts, feelings, and experiences to others.

Hegel believed that the purpose of art in society is to educate and enlighten the public, helping individuals to understand the world around them and to develop their own moral and intellectual capacities.

Sigmund Freud argued that art is a form of therapy, a means for individuals to express and resolve their unconscious conflicts and anxieties.

Freud believed that art plays a crucial role in human development by helping individuals to understand and resolve their unconscious conflicts, thereby promoting psychological health and well-being.

Michael Polanyi argued that art is a form of knowledge that is distinct from scientific knowledge, and that it provides unique insights into the nature of reality that cannot be obtained through rational analysis alone.

Polanyi believed that art has the capacity to reveal aspects of reality that are inaccessible to scientific inquiry, providing unique insights into the human condition and the nature of existence.