Gautama Buddha, the founder of Buddhism, is credited with introducing the concept of karma, which emphasizes the causal relationship between one's actions and their consequences.

Karma, in Indian philosophy, refers to the law of cause and effect, where every action, whether physical or mental, has a corresponding consequence.

The Nyaya school of Indian philosophy posits that all phenomena are ultimately composed of atoms, which are the primary cause of all changes and interactions in the universe.

The Samkhya school of Indian philosophy proposes that the universe is composed of three fundamental qualities or gunas: sattva, rajas, and tamas, which influence the nature and behavior of all things.

The Bhagavad Gita, a part of the Mahabharata, highlights the concept of ahimsa (non-violence) and the interconnectedness of all living beings, emphasizing the ethical implications of human actions on the environment.

Samsara is the term used in Indian philosophy to refer to the cycle of birth, death, and rebirth, which is driven by the accumulation of karma.

Moksha, also known as liberation or enlightenment, is the ultimate goal of human existence in Indian philosophy, representing freedom from the cycle of samsara and the attainment of spiritual realization.

Mahavira, the founder of Jainism, is credited with emphasizing the principle of ahimsa (non-violence) as a core ethical teaching, advocating for compassion and respect for all living beings.

Advaita Vedanta posits that Brahman, the ultimate reality, is the underlying essence of all existence, and that the individual self (Atman) is identical to Brahman.

The Arthashastra, attributed to Kautilya, addresses statecraft, economics, and environmental management, emphasizing the importance of sustainable resource utilization and responsible governance.

Dharma, in Indian philosophy, encompasses moral and ethical duties, righteous conduct, and the fulfillment of one's obligations towards society, the environment, and oneself.

Charvaka, also known as Lokayata, is a materialistic school of Indian philosophy that emphasizes the importance of personal experience and direct perception, rejecting the authority of scriptures and metaphysical speculations.

Maya, in Indian philosophy, refers to the concept of illusion or unreality, particularly in the context of the phenomenal world and its perceived distinctions.

The Upanishads, a collection of ancient Indian texts, contain philosophical insights and teachings on the interconnectedness of all living beings and the unity of the universe, providing a foundation for environmental ethics.