Hope and despair are individual psychological states.

Hope and despair are shaped by social and cultural factors.

Hope and despair are unrelated to social inequality.

Hope and despair are the same thing.

Social inequality has no effect on hope and despair.

Social inequality increases hope for everyone.

Social inequality increases despair for everyone.

Social inequality increases hope for some people and despair for others.

Hope has no relationship to social change.

Hope always leads to social change.

Hope sometimes leads to social change.

Hope never leads to social change.

Despair has no relationship to social change.

Despair always leads to social change.

Despair sometimes leads to social change.

Despair never leads to social change.

There are no challenges to studying hope and despair.

Hope and despair are too subjective to study.

Hope and despair are too difficult to measure.

All of the above.

Interviews

Surveys

Observational studies

All of the above.

The sociology of hope and despair has no implications for social policy.

The sociology of hope and despair can help to inform social policies that aim to reduce inequality and promote social justice.

The sociology of hope and despair can help to inform social policies that aim to increase hope and reduce despair.

Both B and C.

There is no way to promote or reduce hope and despair.

Hope and despair can be promoted or reduced through social policies.

Hope and despair can be promoted or reduced through individual actions.

Both B and C.

Nothing.

Engage in self-care.

Seek social support.

Take action to improve their situation.

Nothing.

Reduce inequality.

Promote social justice.

Invest in education and healthcare.

There are no criticisms of the sociology of hope and despair.

The sociology of hope and despair is too focused on individual psychology.

The sociology of hope and despair ignores the role of culture in shaping hope and despair.

The sociology of hope and despair is too pessimistic.

It cannot be used to promote social change.

It can be used to raise awareness of the problems of hope and despair.

It can be used to develop policies and programs to address the problems of hope and despair.

Both B and C.

There are no future directions for research in the sociology of hope and despair.

Research on the relationship between hope and despair and social inequality.

Research on the role of culture in shaping hope and despair.

Research on the effectiveness of interventions to promote hope and reduce despair.

There are no key theoretical perspectives in the sociology of hope and despair.

Symbolic interactionism.

Structural functionalism.

Marxism.

There are no methodological challenges in studying hope and despair.

Hope and despair are difficult to measure.

Hope and despair are subjective experiences.

All of the above.