Plato

Aristotle

Descartes

Locke

Knowledge is justified true belief.

Knowledge is a mental state.

Knowledge is a proposition.

Knowledge is a type of information.

Deductive, inductive, and abductive.

A priori, a posteriori, and transcendental.

Internal, external, and subjective.

Objective, subjective, and intersubjective.

The problem of induction is that we can never be certain that our inductive inferences are true.

The problem of induction is that we can never be certain that our evidence is complete.

The problem of induction is that we can never be certain that our inductive arguments are valid.

The problem of induction is that we can never be certain that our inductive inferences are justified.

The Gettier problem is that there are cases where someone can have a justified true belief without having knowledge.

The Gettier problem is that there are cases where someone can have a true belief without having justification.

The Gettier problem is that there are cases where someone can have a justified belief without having a true belief.

The Gettier problem is that there are cases where someone can have a true belief without having a justified belief.

Internalism is the view that justification is based on factors internal to the believer, while externalism is the view that justification is based on factors external to the believer.

Internalism is the view that knowledge is based on factors internal to the believer, while externalism is the view that knowledge is based on factors external to the believer.

Internalism is the view that belief is based on factors internal to the believer, while externalism is the view that belief is based on factors external to the believer.

Internalism is the view that justification is based on factors internal to the proposition, while externalism is the view that justification is based on factors external to the proposition.

Skepticism is the view that all beliefs are false, while fallibilism is the view that all beliefs are true.

Skepticism is the view that all beliefs are unjustified, while fallibilism is the view that all beliefs are justified.

Skepticism is the view that all beliefs are uncertain, while fallibilism is the view that all beliefs are certain.

Skepticism is the view that all beliefs are revisable, while fallibilism is the view that all beliefs are infallible.

A priori knowledge is knowledge that is gained through experience, while a posteriori knowledge is knowledge that is gained through reason.

A priori knowledge is knowledge that is independent of experience, while a posteriori knowledge is knowledge that is dependent on experience.

A priori knowledge is knowledge that is necessary, while a posteriori knowledge is knowledge that is contingent.

A priori knowledge is knowledge that is universal, while a posteriori knowledge is knowledge that is particular.

Deductive arguments are arguments that move from general premises to a specific conclusion, while inductive arguments are arguments that move from specific premises to a general conclusion.

Deductive arguments are arguments that are always valid, while inductive arguments are arguments that are sometimes valid.

Deductive arguments are arguments that are always sound, while inductive arguments are arguments that are sometimes sound.

Deductive arguments are arguments that are always true, while inductive arguments are arguments that are sometimes true.

A necessary condition is a condition that must be present for something to occur, while a sufficient condition is a condition that is enough for something to occur.

A necessary condition is a condition that is always present when something occurs, while a sufficient condition is a condition that is sometimes present when something occurs.

A necessary condition is a condition that is true for all cases of something occurring, while a sufficient condition is a condition that is true for some cases of something occurring.

A necessary condition is a condition that is false for all cases of something occurring, while a sufficient condition is a condition that is false for some cases of something occurring.

A belief is a mental state that is directed towards a proposition, while a desire is a mental state that is directed towards an action.

A belief is a mental state that is true or false, while a desire is a mental state that is good or bad.

A belief is a mental state that is justified, while a desire is a mental state that is unjustified.

A belief is a mental state that is conscious, while a desire is a mental state that is unconscious.

An argument is a set of statements that is used to support a conclusion, while an explanation is a set of statements that is used to account for a phenomenon.

An argument is a set of statements that is used to prove a conclusion, while an explanation is a set of statements that is used to understand a phenomenon.

An argument is a set of statements that is used to persuade someone of a conclusion, while an explanation is a set of statements that is used to inform someone about a phenomenon.

An argument is a set of statements that is used to justify a conclusion, while an explanation is a set of statements that is used to describe a phenomenon.

A theory is a set of statements that is used to explain a phenomenon, while a hypothesis is a set of statements that is used to test a theory.

A theory is a set of statements that is used to predict a phenomenon, while a hypothesis is a set of statements that is used to explain a phenomenon.

A theory is a set of statements that is used to justify a phenomenon, while a hypothesis is a set of statements that is used to describe a phenomenon.

A theory is a set of statements that is used to support a phenomenon, while a hypothesis is a set of statements that is used to account for a phenomenon.

A law is a statement that describes a regular pattern in nature, while a principle is a statement that describes a fundamental truth.

A law is a statement that is true for all cases, while a principle is a statement that is true for most cases.

A law is a statement that is based on evidence, while a principle is a statement that is based on reason.

A law is a statement that is used to predict a phenomenon, while a principle is a statement that is used to explain a phenomenon.