Genetic counselors are healthcare professionals who specialize in providing information and support to individuals and families affected by or at risk of genetic disorders. Their primary role is to educate and inform, not to perform tests, provide emotional support, or prescribe medications.

DNA sequencing is a laboratory technique used to determine the exact sequence of nucleotides in a DNA molecule. It is widely used in genetic testing to identify specific gene mutations or variations that may be associated with genetic disorders.

Genetic inheritance refers to the process by which genetic traits are passed down from parents to their offspring. It involves the transmission of genetic material, such as genes and chromosomes, from one generation to the next.

Down syndrome is a genetic disorder caused by the presence of an extra copy of chromosome 21. It is characterized by physical and developmental differences, including intellectual disability, distinctive facial features, and short stature.

Newborn screening is a routine test performed shortly after birth to identify genetic disorders that may not be immediately apparent. It involves collecting a blood sample from the baby's heel and testing it for various genetic conditions.

Lactose intolerance is a genetic disorder caused by the body's inability to produce the enzyme lactase, which is necessary for digesting lactose, the sugar found in milk and dairy products.

Genetic epidemiology is the study of the genetic factors that contribute to the occurrence and distribution of diseases and disorders in populations. It investigates the role of genes and genetic variations in the development and transmission of diseases.

Turner syndrome is a genetic disorder caused by the absence of one X chromosome in females. It is characterized by short stature, delayed puberty, and various physical and developmental features.

Genetic engineering, also known as genetic modification, is the process of altering an organism's genetic material to introduce or modify specific traits. It involves manipulating genes or DNA sequences to achieve desired changes in an organism's characteristics.

Klinefelter syndrome is a genetic disorder caused by the presence of an extra X chromosome in males. It is characterized by tall stature, delayed puberty, and various physical and developmental features.

Gene therapy is the process of transferring genetic material into cells or tissues to treat or prevent a disease. It involves introducing functional genes into an organism to compensate for defective or missing genes.

Fragile X syndrome is a genetic disorder caused by a mutation in the FMR1 gene on the X chromosome. It is characterized by intellectual disability, behavioral problems, and physical features such as a prominent forehead and large ears.

Pharmacogenetics is the study of the relationship between genes and drug response. It investigates how genetic variations influence an individual's response to medications, including their effectiveness, side effects, and dosage requirements.

Edwards syndrome is a genetic disorder caused by the presence of an extra copy of chromosome 18. It is characterized by severe physical and developmental abnormalities, including heart defects, kidney problems, and intellectual disability.

Genetic screening is the process of identifying individuals who are at increased risk of developing a genetic disorder based on their family history or other factors. It involves testing individuals for specific genetic markers or mutations associated with certain disorders.