Aryabhata, a renowned astronomer and mathematician, introduced the concept of zero and the place-value system in the 5th century CE, laying the foundation for modern mathematics.

The Surya Siddhanta, written around the 4th century CE, provides detailed calculations for predicting solar eclipses, demonstrating the advanced astronomical knowledge of ancient India.

Nilakantha Somayaji, a 15th-century astronomer, proposed a heliocentric model of the solar system, where the Earth and other planets revolve around the Sun, predating Copernicus's work.

Jai Singh II, the Rajput king of Amber, constructed the Jantar Mantar observatories in the 18th century, showcasing his passion for astronomy and the pursuit of scientific knowledge.

ISRO's satellite launches encompass a wide range of applications, including communication, Earth observation, navigation, and scientific research, contributing to India's technological advancements.

The Chandrayaan-1 mission made the groundbreaking discovery of water molecules on the lunar surface, providing valuable insights into the composition and history of the Moon.

The Mangalyaan mission, also known as the Mars Orbiter Mission, made India the first Asian country to successfully reach Mars's orbit, demonstrating its growing capabilities in space exploration.

The Gaganyaan mission, scheduled for 2023, aims to send three Indian astronauts into space, marking a significant milestone in India's space program and inspiring future generations.

The AstroSat satellite carries a suite of advanced instruments, including an Ultraviolet Imaging Telescope, an X-ray Telescope, and a Visible and Near-Infrared Telescope, enabling comprehensive observations of celestial objects.

The NISAR mission, scheduled for launch in 2023, will use radar technology to study various aspects of Earth's surface, including forest cover, ocean currents, and glacier movement, providing valuable data for environmental monitoring and disaster management.

The Aditya-L1 mission, planned for launch in 2023, will study various aspects of the Sun, including solar flares, sunspots, and coronal mass ejections, providing insights into solar activity and its impact on Earth.

The XPoSat mission, planned for launch in 2023, will study various celestial objects that emit X-rays, including black holes, neutron stars, and supernova remnants, providing insights into high-energy phenomena in the universe.

The Indian Institute of Astrophysics (IIA) is situated in Bengaluru, Karnataka, and is renowned for its contributions to astrophysics and astronomy research, including studies of galaxies, stars, and cosmic phenomena.

The Aryabhatta Research Institute of Observational Sciences (ARIES) is located in Nainital, Uttarakhand, and is known for its research in solar physics, stellar astronomy, and atmospheric sciences, using advanced observational facilities.