Strain theory argues that crime is a result of the strain experienced by individuals who are unable to achieve their goals through legitimate means.

Social disorganization theory suggests that high levels of residential instability, such as frequent moves and turnover of residents, can lead to a breakdown of social bonds and an increase in crime.

Ecological theory examines the relationship between the physical and social characteristics of a neighborhood, such as poverty, inequality, and residential instability, and crime rates.

Social control theory posits that strong social bonds, such as those formed through family, school, and community involvement, can deter individuals from engaging in criminal behavior.

Social control theory argues that social institutions, such as the family and school, play a crucial role in shaping individuals' values and behaviors, and can help prevent crime by promoting conformity to social norms.

Strain theory proposes that economic inequality, which creates a gap between individuals' goals and their ability to achieve them through legitimate means, is a major source of strain that can lead to criminal behavior.

Social disorganization theory suggests that high levels of social disorganization, such as weak social bonds, residential instability, and economic deprivation, can lead to the development of criminal subcultures that promote deviant behavior.

Ecological theory emphasizes the role of physical and social characteristics of a neighborhood, such as poverty, inequality, and residential instability, in shaping crime rates.

Cultural conflict theory argues that crime is a result of the conflict between different cultural values and norms, particularly between dominant and subordinate groups in society.

Cultural conflict theory posits that cultural diversity, which can lead to clashes between different cultural values and norms, is a major source of conflict that can contribute to criminal behavior.

Social learning theory suggests that criminal behavior is learned through interactions with others, particularly through exposure to criminal role models and reinforcement of criminal behavior.

Social learning theory emphasizes the role of modeling, or observing and imitating the behavior of others, in the development of criminal behavior.

Labeling theory argues that criminal behavior is a result of the labels that are applied to individuals by society, particularly by the criminal justice system.

Labeling theory suggests that labeling individuals as criminals can lead to stigmatization, which can have negative consequences for their social and economic opportunities.

Social network theory examines the role of social networks, including both formal and informal ties, in shaping individuals' behavior, including their involvement in criminal activity.