Childhood trauma is not typically considered a psychological factor that directly contributes to military sexual assault. However, it can be a risk factor for developing other psychological issues that may increase the likelihood of engaging in sexual assault.

The social dominance theory suggests that perpetrators of military sexual assault are primarily motivated by a desire to assert power and control over their victims.

Self-blame is a common psychological response among victims of military sexual assault, in which they may internalize feelings of guilt and shame and come to believe that they are responsible for the assault.

All of the listed options are common psychological consequences of military sexual assault.

Perpetrators of military sexual assault may use various defense mechanisms, such as minimization, rationalization, projection, and displacement, to reduce their feelings of guilt and shame and maintain a positive self-image.

A supportive command climate, where victims feel safe and supported in reporting sexual assault, can actually reduce the likelihood of underreporting.

Victims of military sexual assault may experience a range of psychological responses, including social isolation, emotional detachment, avoidance, and numbing, as a way of coping with the trauma.

Blaming the victims is not a constructive or effective strategy for preventing military sexual assault. Instead, efforts should focus on creating a safe and supportive environment where victims feel comfortable reporting sexual assault and perpetrators are held accountable.

Intrusive memories are a common symptom of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), which is a common psychological consequence of military sexual assault.

Empathy is not typically considered a factor that contributes to the perpetration of military sexual assault. In fact, a lack of empathy for victims is often seen as a characteristic of perpetrators.

Self-blame is a common psychological response among victims of military sexual assault, in which they may internalize feelings of guilt and shame and come to believe that they are responsible for the assault.

Blaming the victims is not a constructive or supportive strategy for helping victims of military sexual assault. Instead, efforts should focus on providing trauma-informed care, encouraging victims to seek professional help, and creating a supportive and safe environment.

Powerlessness is a common psychological consequence of military sexual assault, as victims may feel that they have no control over their situation and are at the mercy of their perpetrators.

Childhood trauma is not typically considered a direct cause of perpetrating military sexual assault. However, it can be a risk factor for developing other psychological issues that may increase the likelihood of engaging in sexual assault.

Betrayal trauma is a common psychological consequence of military sexual assault, as victims may feel betrayed by their fellow service members, their superiors, or the military institution itself.