Mixed-member proportional representation (MMP) combines elements of both first-past-the-post and proportional representation systems. Voters cast two votes: one for a local candidate in a single-member district and one for a party list. Seats are allocated based on the proportion of votes received by each party, with some seats reserved for local candidates.

In a first-past-the-post system, the candidate with the most votes wins the election, regardless of whether they receive a majority of votes. A high number of candidates can split the vote, making it more difficult for any one candidate to reach the required threshold.

First-past-the-post (FPTP) is an electoral system in which the candidate with the most votes in a single-member district wins the election. This system tends to favor two-party dominance because it is difficult for third parties or independent candidates to win seats.

The relationship between electoral systems and voter turnout is complex and varies across countries. Some studies have found that proportional representation systems tend to have higher voter turnout, while others have found that first-past-the-post systems have higher turnout. The relationship may also be influenced by factors such as the level of political competition, the strength of political parties, and the ease of voting.

Mixed-member proportional representation (MMP) is an electoral system that combines elements of both first-past-the-post and proportional representation systems. It is designed to ensure that all regions of a country are represented in the legislature, as some seats are reserved for candidates from specific regions.

The relationship between electoral systems and the representation of women and minorities is complex and varies across countries. Some studies have found that proportional representation systems tend to have higher representation of women and minorities, while others have found that first-past-the-post systems have higher representation. The relationship may also be influenced by factors such as the level of political competition, the strength of political parties, and the ease of voting.

First-past-the-post (FPTP) is an electoral system in which the candidate with the most votes in a single-member district wins the election. This system tends to favor single-party governments because it is difficult for third parties or independent candidates to win seats.

The relationship between electoral systems and the formation of political parties is complex and varies across countries. Some studies have found that proportional representation systems tend to lead to the formation of more political parties, while others have found that first-past-the-post systems have higher representation. The relationship may also be influenced by factors such as the level of political competition, the strength of political parties, and the ease of voting.

Proportional representation (PR) is an electoral system in which the number of seats a party wins is proportional to the number of votes it receives. This system tends to produce coalition governments because no single party is likely to win a majority of seats.

The relationship between electoral systems and the stability of government is complex and varies across countries. Some studies have found that proportional representation systems tend to lead to more stable governments, while others have found that first-past-the-post systems have higher representation. The relationship may also be influenced by factors such as the level of political competition, the strength of political parties, and the ease of voting.

First-past-the-post (FPTP) is an electoral system in which the candidate with the most votes in a single-member district wins the election. This system tends to produce a strong executive because the winner of the election is likely to have a majority of seats in the legislature.

The relationship between electoral systems and the level of political polarization is complex and varies across countries. Some studies have found that proportional representation systems tend to lead to higher levels of political polarization, while others have found that first-past-the-post systems have higher representation. The relationship may also be influenced by factors such as the level of political competition, the strength of political parties, and the ease of voting.

Proportional representation (PR) is an electoral system in which the number of seats a party wins is proportional to the number of votes it receives. This system tends to produce a more representative legislature because it allows for a wider range of political views to be represented.

The relationship between electoral systems and the level of voter engagement is complex and varies across countries. Some studies have found that proportional representation systems tend to lead to higher levels of voter engagement, while others have found that first-past-the-post systems have higher representation. The relationship may also be influenced by factors such as the level of political competition, the strength of political parties, and the ease of voting.

Proportional representation (PR) is an electoral system in which the number of seats a party wins is proportional to the number of votes it receives. This system tends to produce a more accountable government because it allows for a wider range of political views to be represented and makes it more difficult for a single party to dominate the legislature.