A study that uses a randomized controlled trial to estimate the causal effects of an intervention.

A study that uses observational data to estimate the causal effects of an intervention.

A study that uses a laboratory experiment to estimate the causal effects of an intervention.

A study that uses a field experiment to estimate the causal effects of an intervention.

They are less expensive than randomized controlled trials.

They can be conducted in real-world settings.

They can provide more precise estimates of causal effects.

All of the above.

They can be difficult to find.

They can be difficult to design.

They can be difficult to analyze.

All of the above.

The impact of a minimum wage increase on employment.

The impact of a tax cut on economic growth.

The impact of a natural disaster on economic activity.

All of the above.

By comparing the outcomes of two groups that are similar in all other respects except for the treatment.

By using a regression analysis to control for other factors that may affect the outcome.

By using a matching method to create two groups that are similar in all other respects except for the treatment.

All of the above.

Finding a suitable natural experiment.

Designing a study that is able to control for other factors that may affect the outcome.

Analyzing the data in a way that produces unbiased estimates of causal effects.

All of the above.

Researchers should obtain informed consent from participants.

Researchers should protect the privacy of participants.

Researchers should avoid causing harm to participants.

All of the above.

The development of new statistical methods for analyzing natural experiments.

The increasing availability of data from natural experiments.

The growing interest in using natural experiments to study a wider range of economic phenomena.

All of the above.

Developing new statistical methods for analyzing natural experiments.

Collecting more data from natural experiments.

Using natural experiments to study a wider range of economic phenomena.

All of the above.

In a natural experiment, the treatment is not assigned randomly.

In a randomized controlled trial, the treatment is assigned randomly.

In a natural experiment, the outcome is not measured.

In a randomized controlled trial, the outcome is measured.

Natural experiments are always observational studies.

Observational studies are always natural experiments.

Natural experiments are a type of observational study.

Observational studies are a type of natural experiment.

Natural experiments are conducted in the laboratory.

Field experiments are conducted in the laboratory.

Natural experiments are conducted in the field.

Field experiments are conducted in the field.

Natural experiments are always quasi-experiments.

Quasi-experiments are always natural experiments.

Natural experiments are a type of quasi-experiment.

Quasi-experiments are a type of natural experiment.

Natural experiments are always controlled experiments.

Controlled experiments are always natural experiments.

Natural experiments are a type of controlled experiment.

Controlled experiments are a type of natural experiment.