Functionalism is a sociological theory that emphasizes the importance of social order and stability, while historical sociology focuses on social change and transformation.

Marx argued that class struggle is the primary driving force of historical change, as different classes compete for control over the means of production.

Weber defined social action as action that is oriented towards others, and argued that it is the basic unit of analysis in historical sociology.

Durkheim argued that social solidarity is essential for social stability and order, and that it can be a powerful force for historical change.

Elias's concept of figuration refers to the process by which social structures and individual lives are mutually shaped and transformed over time.

Wallerstein's world-systems theory focuses on the development of capitalism and its impact on the global economy and society.

Foucault's work focuses primarily on power and knowledge, discourse and subjectivity, and historical change and transformation, rather than social class and inequality.

Bourdieu's concept of habitus refers to a set of dispositions that shape individual action and are shaped by social structures.

Giddens's concept of duality of structure refers to the idea that social structures are both the medium and the outcome of human action.

Tilly's work focuses primarily on social movements and collective action, and their impact on historical change.

Wallerstein's work focuses primarily on the rise and fall of empires, the development of capitalism, and the role of culture in historical change, rather than the impact of technology on society.

Bourdieu's concept of social field refers to a space of social relations in which individuals and groups compete for power and resources.

Giddens's concept of duality of structure refers to the idea that social structures are both the medium and the outcome of human action.

Tilly's work focuses primarily on social movements and collective action, and their impact on historical change.

Wallerstein's work focuses primarily on the rise and fall of empires, the development of capitalism, and the role of culture in historical change, rather than the impact of technology on society.