Cartography is the science of making maps, which are visual representations of the Earth's surface or parts of it.

The azimuthal equidistant projection is often used for maps of Antarctica because it preserves distances and directions from a central point, making it suitable for navigation and exploration.

Cartography plays a crucial role in Indian Antarctic Research by providing accurate maps and data that support various scientific investigations, including climate change studies, mineral exploration, and wildlife monitoring.

The National Centre for Antarctic and Ocean Research (NCAOR) is the nodal agency for India's Antarctic research program and is responsible for coordinating and conducting scientific expeditions to the continent.

Dakshin Gangotri was India's first research station in Antarctica, established in 1983. It was later decommissioned and replaced by Maitri, which became the permanent Indian research station in Antarctica.

Dr. V.K. Raina led the first Indian expedition to Antarctica in 1981-1982, which marked the beginning of India's Antarctic research program.

Bharati is India's second research station in Antarctica, located in the Larsemann Hills region. It was established in 2012 and serves as a base for scientific research and exploration in the region.

Maitri is India's permanent research station in Antarctica, located near the Schirmacher Oasis. It was established in 1989 and serves as a hub for scientific research and exploration in the region.

Himadri is India's third research station in Antarctica, located in the Princess Elizabeth Land region. It was established in 2018 and serves as a base for scientific research and exploration in the region.

Dakshin Gangotri was India's first research station in Antarctica, located in the Dronning Maud Land region. It was established in 1983 and was later decommissioned in 1990.

Indian research stations in Antarctica conduct a wide range of scientific research, including studies on climate change, geology, mineral resources, wildlife populations, and other aspects of the Antarctic environment.

Maitri is the Indian research station located closest to the South Pole, at a distance of approximately 2,500 kilometers.

INS Sarvekshak is the Indian research vessel primarily used for scientific expeditions to Antarctica. It is equipped with advanced scientific equipment and facilities to support research activities in the region.

India does not have a research station in the Vestfold Hills region of Antarctica.

India does not have a research station in the Enderby Land region of Antarctica.