Ammonia offers high energy density, is relatively inexpensive, and is a clean-burning fuel with zero greenhouse gas emissions.

Cracking is the process of decomposing ammonia into its constituent elements, hydrogen and nitrogen.

Ammonia is a toxic and flammable gas, requiring careful handling and storage to ensure safety.

Ammonia energy storage systems have potential applications in grid-scale energy storage, transportation, and industrial processes.

Japan is at the forefront of ammonia energy storage technology development, with several pilot projects and commercial-scale facilities in operation.

Ammonia energy storage systems typically have a round-trip efficiency in the range of 60-70%.

Ammonia energy storage is generally considered to be less expensive than lithium-ion batteries on a cost-per-unit-of-energy basis.

Ammonia can be stored in pressurized tanks, underground caverns, salt domes, or other suitable geological formations.

Ammonia energy storage can contribute to reduced greenhouse gas emissions, improved air quality, and enhanced energy efficiency.

Ammonia energy storage systems typically have a lifespan of around 20-25 years.

The transportation of ammonia involves challenges related to high cost, safety concerns, and the need for specialized infrastructure.

Anhydrous ammonia, which is ammonia in its pure form without water, is the primary form used in energy storage applications.

Ammonia energy storage has potential applications in fueling hydrogen-powered vehicles, powering electric vehicles, and generating electricity for hybrid vehicles.

An ammonia energy storage system typically consists of an ammonia storage tank, a cracker, a synthesizer, and other вспомогательное оборудование.

Toxicity and safety concerns associated with ammonia handling and storage represent a potential disadvantage of using ammonia as an energy storage medium.