The question of whether or not there is a meaningful direction or purpose to human history.

The question of whether or not human history is linear or cyclical.

The question of whether or not human history is progressive or degenerative.

The question of whether or not human history is random or determined.

The theory of linear progress, which holds that human history is a story of steady and continuous improvement.

The theory of cyclical progress, which holds that human history is a series of repeating cycles.

The theory of degenerative progress, which holds that human history is a story of decline and fall.

The theory of random progress, which holds that human history is a series of random and unpredictable events.

The argument from science and technology, which holds that the development of science and technology has led to a steady improvement in the human condition.

The argument from morality, which holds that human beings have become more moral and ethical over time.

The argument from education, which holds that the spread of education has led to a more enlightened and progressive society.

The argument from democracy, which holds that the spread of democracy has led to a more just and equitable world.

The argument from human nature, which holds that human beings are inherently selfish and greedy, and that this prevents any real progress from being made.

The argument from history, which holds that human history is full of examples of violence, war, and oppression, and that this suggests that there is no real progress being made.

The argument from the environment, which holds that human activity is causing irreparable damage to the environment, and that this will ultimately lead to the downfall of civilization.

The argument from the future, which holds that it is impossible to know what the future holds, and that it is therefore impossible to say whether or not there will be any real progress.

I believe that there is a meaningful direction or purpose to human history.

I believe that human history is a series of repeating cycles.

I believe that human history is a story of decline and fall.

I believe that human history is a series of random and unpredictable events.

I am not sure what to believe.