To promote the general welfare

To protect individual rights

To maintain social order

All of the above

To conduct research and provide evidence-based recommendations

To advise policymakers on the potential consequences of different policy options

To evaluate the effectiveness of public policies

All of the above

Lack of resources

Resistance from stakeholders

Unintended consequences

All of the above

To assess the effectiveness of a policy

To identify areas for improvement

To provide accountability for policymakers

All of the above

The minimum wage

Social Security

Medicare

All of the above

Public policy is specific and concrete, while political ideology is general and abstract

Public policy is based on evidence, while political ideology is based on values

Public policy is created by governments, while political ideology is created by individuals and groups

All of the above

Cost-benefit analysis

Risk assessment

Multi-criteria analysis

All of the above

To influence policymakers on behalf of their members

To provide information and expertise to policymakers

To hold policymakers accountable for their actions

All of the above

Public awareness campaigns

Regulatory enforcement

Financial incentives

All of the above

Policy evaluation assesses the effectiveness of a policy, while policy research investigates the causes and consequences of policy problems

Policy evaluation is conducted after a policy has been implemented, while policy research is conducted before a policy is implemented

Policy evaluation is typically conducted by government agencies, while policy research is typically conducted by academic researchers

All of the above

A policy that reduces unemployment may lead to increased consumer spending

A policy that increases taxes may lead to decreased economic growth

A policy that regulates pollution may lead to increased innovation in pollution control technologies

All of the above

To provide theoretical and empirical insights into the operation of government agencies

To train public administrators in the skills and knowledge they need to be effective

To evaluate the performance of government agencies

All of the above

The legalization of same-sex marriage

The Affordable Care Act

The Paris Agreement on climate change

All of the above

To study the interactions between states and other actors in the international system

To develop theories of international cooperation and conflict

To provide policy recommendations to governments on how to conduct foreign policy

All of the above

The creation of the European Union

The adoption of a new constitution in South Africa

The devolution of power to Scotland and Wales

All of the above