Weathering is the process by which rocks and minerals are broken down into smaller particles, creating the foundation for soil formation.

While human activities can impact soil characteristics, they are not considered a major factor in the natural process of soil formation.

Topsoil is the fertile upper layer of soil, containing high levels of organic matter and supporting plant growth.

Sandy soil has the largest particles, allowing for good drainage and aeration.

Humification is the process by which organic matter decomposes and releases nutrients into the soil, enhancing its fertility.

The B-horizon, also known as the subsoil, is characterized by the accumulation of clay particles and minerals, giving it a denser texture.

Erosion is the process by which water, wind, or other natural forces carry away soil particles, resulting in soil loss.

Clayey soil has a high water-holding capacity due to its small particle size and is often found in wetlands and areas with poor drainage.

Salinization is the process by which soluble salts accumulate in the soil, often due to poor drainage or irrigation practices, leading to reduced soil fertility and plant growth.

The C-horizon is the least weathered soil horizon and is similar to the parent material from which the soil developed.

Acidification is the process by which soil becomes acidic due to the leaching of bases, often caused by excessive rainfall or the use of acidic fertilizers.

Loamy soil is known for its loose and well-aerated structure, making it ideal for agriculture as it provides good drainage and root development.

Alkalization is the process by which soil becomes alkaline due to the accumulation of bases, often caused by poor drainage or the use of alkaline fertilizers.

The R-horizon is the bottom layer of the soil profile and is characterized by the presence of bedrock or other hard material that prevents further weathering.

Pedogenesis is the process by which soil is formed from the weathering of parent material and the accumulation of organic matter, creating distinct soil horizons.