Incineration is primarily employed to reduce the volume of waste by converting it into ash and gases, thereby minimizing the space required for disposal.

Complete combustion occurs when waste is burned in the presence of excess air, resulting in the complete oxidation of organic matter and the production of carbon dioxide and water vapor.

Fluidized bed incineration offers higher combustion efficiency due to the uniform distribution of air and fuel, resulting in more complete combustion and reduced emissions.

Plasma arc incineration employs a high-temperature plasma to decompose waste materials into simpler compounds, enabling the recovery of valuable materials and reducing the environmental impact.

Particulate matter, consisting of fine particles and aerosols, is a major pollutant of concern in the flue gas from incineration processes due to its adverse effects on human health and the environment.

Electrostatic precipitators are widely used to remove particulate matter from flue gas by applying an electric charge to the particles, causing them to adhere to collection plates.

A quench tower is used to cool the flue gas rapidly, reducing its temperature and preventing the formation of harmful pollutants such as dioxins and furans.

Combined heat and power (CHP) systems utilize the heat from the flue gas to generate electricity and heat, maximizing energy recovery and improving the overall efficiency of the incineration process.

The incineration of hazardous waste can lead to the formation of highly toxic and persistent organic pollutants known as dioxins and furans, which pose significant environmental and health risks.

Activated carbon injection is a widely used technology to reduce the formation of dioxins and furans during incineration by adsorbing these pollutants onto the surface of activated carbon particles.

Incineration offers the advantage of significantly reducing the volume of waste, thereby minimizing the space required for disposal and conserving valuable landfill space.

Multiple hearth incineration is a widely used technology for the disposal of medical waste due to its ability to handle a wide range of waste materials and its effective destruction of pathogens.

The incineration of e-waste poses the challenge of emitting toxic pollutants, including heavy metals and brominated flame retardants, which can have adverse effects on human health and the environment.

Hydrometallurgy is a widely used technology for recovering valuable metals from incineration ash by dissolving the metals in a suitable solvent and then extracting them using various chemical processes.

Incineration with energy recovery offers the advantage of generating electricity from the heat produced during the incineration process, thereby reducing the reliance on fossil fuels and promoting sustainable waste management.