The judiciary's primary role in judicial review is to interpret and apply the law to specific cases, determining whether the actions of the executive and legislative branches are in accordance with the constitution and the law.

The principle of judicial review is based on the separation of powers, the rule of law, and the supremacy of the constitution. These principles establish the judiciary's authority to review and invalidate actions that violate the constitution or the law.

Marbury v. Madison (1803) is the landmark case that established the principle of judicial review in the United States. In this case, the Supreme Court asserted its authority to declare laws unconstitutional, thus setting the precedent for the judiciary's role in ensuring the constitutionality of laws and actions.

The scope of judicial review extends to all actions of the executive and legislative branches, regardless of whether they directly affect individual rights, involve constitutional issues, or involve federal laws. The judiciary has the authority to review and invalidate any action that violates the constitution or the law.

The judiciary uses various methods to exercise judicial review, including declaratory judgments, injunctions, and writs of mandamus. Declaratory judgments determine the validity of a law or action without ordering any specific relief. Injunctions prohibit or compel specific actions. Writs of mandamus order government officials to perform specific duties.

Judicial review is significant in a democratic system because it ensures that the government acts within the limits of the constitution, protects the rights and liberties of citizens, and promotes accountability and transparency in government. It serves as a check on the powers of the executive and legislative branches.

The judiciary faces various challenges in exercising judicial review, including political pressure, lack of resources, and public opinion. Political pressure may influence judicial decisions, while lack of resources can limit the judiciary's capacity to effectively review cases. Public opinion can also impact judicial decisions, as judges may consider the potential consequences of their rulings on public sentiment.

Judicial review contributes to the maintenance of the rule of law by ensuring that laws are applied fairly and consistently, preventing arbitrary and discriminatory actions by the government, and promoting transparency and accountability in government. It ensures that the government acts in accordance with the law and protects the rights and liberties of citizens.

Judicial review serves as a check on the powers of the executive and legislative branches. It ensures that these branches act within their constitutional limits and prevents them from encroaching on the powers of the judiciary. This separation of powers is a fundamental principle of constitutional law.

Judicial review impacts the legislative process in several ways. It ensures that laws are drafted in accordance with the constitution, prevents the legislature from passing laws that violate individual rights, and encourages the legislature to consider the potential consequences of their actions. This helps to ensure that laws are fair, just, and consistent with the constitution.

Judicial review has faced several criticisms, including concerns that it gives too much power to the judiciary, can lead to judicial activism, and can result in gridlock and delays in the legislative process. Some argue that the judiciary should have a limited role in reviewing the actions of the other branches of government.

Judicial review promotes accountability and transparency in government by requiring government officials to justify their actions, exposing illegal or unconstitutional actions by the government, and encouraging government officials to act in accordance with the law. It ensures that government actions are subject to scrutiny and review, which helps to prevent abuse of power and promote good governance.

Precedent plays a crucial role in judicial review. It ensures consistency and predictability in judicial decisions, preventing judges from making arbitrary or subjective decisions. It also promotes the development of a coherent body of law, as judges are guided by previous decisions when making new rulings. Precedent helps to maintain the rule of law and ensure that similar cases are treated similarly.

Judicial review plays a vital role in protecting individual rights and liberties. It ensures that government actions do not violate constitutional rights, providing a mechanism for individuals to challenge government actions that infringe on their rights. It also promotes the development of a culture of respect for individual rights, as government officials are aware that their actions are subject to judicial scrutiny.