Progressive taxation aims to ensure that individuals with higher incomes pay a larger share of taxes, thereby reducing income inequality and promoting social justice.

Regressive taxation is criticized for placing a disproportionate tax burden on low-income earners, potentially exacerbating income inequality.

The concept of 'ability to pay' refers to an individual's capacity to contribute to the public purse based on their income, wealth, or other economic factors.

Government spending on public goods is often justified on the grounds that it promotes economic growth, reduces income inequality, and corrects market failures.

Pareto efficiency is a concept in economics that describes a situation where it is impossible to improve the well-being of one individual without harming another.

Common arguments against government intervention in the economy include the potential for market distortions, stifled economic growth, and unintended consequences.

Rent-seeking, special interest legislation, and corporate welfare are all terms used to describe situations where a government program benefits a small group of individuals at the expense of the majority.

Common criticisms of the welfare state include the potential for creating a culture of dependency, stifling economic growth, and leading to higher taxes.

Unintended consequences, perverse incentives, and moral hazard are all terms used to describe situations where a government program has the opposite effect of its intended purpose.

Common arguments in favor of a universal basic income include its potential to reduce poverty and inequality, promote economic growth, and increase individual freedom and autonomy.

Redistribution of wealth is a term used to describe the situation where a government program benefits a large group of individuals at the expense of a small group.

Common arguments against a universal basic income include its potential cost, the possibility of discouraging work, and the risk of inflation.

Targeted program, means-tested program, and categorical program are all terms used to describe a government program designed to benefit a specific group of individuals or organizations.

Common arguments in favor of targeted programs include their potential for efficiency, cost-effectiveness, ensuring benefits reach those in need, and reducing poverty and inequality.

Universal program, entitlement program, and social insurance program are all terms used to describe a government program designed to benefit all citizens equally.