Socialism, particularly in its Marxist form, envisions a society where the means of production are collectively owned and controlled, leading to the eventual abolition of class distinctions and the state.

Conservatism emphasizes the importance of preserving traditional values, institutions, and social hierarchies, often viewing rapid change as disruptive and potentially harmful.

Liberalism, particularly classical liberalism, advocates for individual rights and freedoms, limited government power, and economic liberty.

Fascism prioritizes the creation of a strong, unified nation-state, often through aggressive nationalism, militarism, and territorial expansion.

Anarchism seeks to abolish all forms of coercive authority, including the state, and promotes individual autonomy and collective self-organization.

Environmentalism focuses on the preservation and restoration of the natural environment, advocating for policies that protect ecosystems and promote sustainable resource use.

Social democracy combines elements of socialism and democracy, aiming to achieve social justice through progressive taxation, social welfare programs, and government intervention in the economy.

Utilitarianism, as formulated by Jeremy Bentham, seeks to maximize overall happiness or well-being in society, often through cost-benefit analysis and consequentialist decision-making.

Communism, in its Marxist-Leninist form, envisions a centrally planned economy and a single-party state, aiming to achieve a classless, stateless society through revolutionary struggle.

Nationalism emphasizes the importance of national identity, cultural heritage, and the right of nations to self-determination and independence.

Libertarianism, particularly in its anarcho-capitalist form, promotes individual liberty, minimal government intervention, and a free market economy.

Feminism seeks to achieve gender equality and challenge patriarchal structures in society, advocating for women's rights, reproductive freedom, and equal opportunities.

Theocracy is a form of government in which religious leaders hold political power and religious law is the primary source of legislation.

Multiculturalism promotes the acceptance and celebration of cultural diversity within a society, advocating for equal rights and opportunities for all cultural groups.

Liberalism, particularly in its classical form, advocates for individual liberty, limited government power, and the protection of fundamental rights.