Ancient Indian navigators primarily relied on the observation of stars for celestial navigation.

The Surya Siddhanta, an astronomical text composed around the 4th century CE, contains significant information on navigation techniques.

Ancient Indian navigators used a quadrant, known as the 'Yasti Yantra,' to measure the altitude of celestial bodies.

The Buddhist monk Faxian is believed to have circumnavigated the globe in the 5th century CE, long before European explorers.

The Garbhapatha technique was used to measure the distance between two points on the Earth's surface.

Varahamihira, a renowned 6th-century astronomer, is credited with developing the concept of Rashi Chakra or zodiac signs.

The Nakshatra Mala technique was used to determine the time of day based on the position of stars.

Brahmagupta, a renowned 7th-century mathematician and astronomer, is credited with developing the concept of Panchang or almanac.

The Jala Yatra technique was used to predict weather patterns based on the observation of clouds and wind directions.

Aryabhata, a renowned 5th-century mathematician and astronomer, is credited with developing the concept of Graha Gochara or planetary motion.

The Varga Paddhati technique was used to calculate the time of day based on the position of the sun.

Varahamihira, a renowned 6th-century astronomer, is credited with developing the concept of Ashtakavarga or eightfold division.

The Hora Shastra technique was used to predict weather patterns based on the observation of celestial bodies.

Varahamihira, a renowned 6th-century astronomer, is credited with developing the concept of Muhurta or auspicious time.

The Samudrika Shastra technique was used to predict weather patterns based on the observation of ocean currents and waves.