Race and ethnicity are primarily based on physical appearance, such as skin color, hair texture, and facial features.

Ethnocentrism is the belief that one's own culture and way of life is superior to all others.

Xenophobia is the fear and hatred of strangers or foreigners, often leading to discrimination.

Racialization is the process of assigning individuals to racial categories based on perceived physical characteristics.

Scientific racism is the belief that racial or ethnic groups have inherent differences in intelligence, morality, or other traits, based on pseudoscientific theories.

Integration is the process of integrating different racial or ethnic groups into a single society, allowing them to maintain their unique identities while participating fully in society.

Equality is the belief that all racial or ethnic groups are equal and should be treated with respect, regardless of their differences.

Multiculturalism is the process of valuing and celebrating the diversity of racial or ethnic groups in a society, recognizing their unique contributions.

Equity is the process of creating a society where all racial or ethnic groups have equal opportunities and outcomes, regardless of their background.

Anti-racism is the process of actively challenging racism and discrimination in society, promoting racial equality and justice.

Intercultural education is the process of educating individuals about racial and ethnic diversity and promoting understanding and respect among different groups.

Equity-based policymaking is the process of creating policies and practices that address racial and ethnic disparities and promote equity.

Coalition building is the process of building relationships and alliances among different racial or ethnic groups to promote understanding and cooperation.

Historical reckoning is the process of acknowledging and addressing the historical and ongoing impacts of racism and discrimination on racial or ethnic groups.

Racial justice is the process of creating a society where all racial or ethnic groups have equal power and influence, and where racism and discrimination are eliminated.