Primary air pollutants are emitted directly from sources such as vehicles, industries, and power plants. Carbon monoxide is a primary air pollutant produced by the incomplete combustion of fuels.

Vehicle exhaust is a significant source of particulate matter pollution, particularly in urban areas. Diesel engines emit higher levels of PM compared to gasoline engines.

Sulfur dioxide is a major contributor to acid rain. When it reacts with water in the atmosphere, it forms sulfuric acid, which can lead to the acidification of lakes, rivers, and forests.

Exposure to ozone can cause respiratory irritation, leading to symptoms such as coughing, wheezing, and shortness of breath. It can also exacerbate asthma and other respiratory conditions.

Ozone is a major component of smog, which is a mixture of air pollutants that can cause reduced visibility and health problems. Ozone is formed through a complex series of reactions involving sunlight, nitrogen oxides, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs).

Implementing stricter vehicle emission standards is a key strategy for reducing air pollution from vehicles. These standards limit the amount of pollutants that vehicles can emit, mendorong the development of cleaner technologies and vehicles.

Solar energy is a renewable energy source that does not produce air pollution. It harnesses the energy from the sun and converts it into electricity through photovoltaic cells.

Power plants are a major source of sulfur dioxide emissions. When fossil fuels such as coal and oil are burned, they release sulfur dioxide into the atmosphere.

Tobacco smoke is a major source of indoor air pollution. It contains harmful chemicals that can cause respiratory problems and increase the risk of cancer.

Exposure to particulate matter (PM) can cause a range of respiratory problems, including asthma, bronchitis, and lung cancer. PM can also contribute to cardiovascular disease.

All of the options are strategies for reducing air pollution from industries. Installing pollution control devices, promoting energy efficiency, and using cleaner production technologies can help reduce emissions of air pollutants.

Aircraft are a major source of nitrogen oxides emissions. Nitrogen oxides are produced during the combustion of jet fuel.

Agriculture, landfills, and natural gas production are all major sources of methane emissions. Methane is a potent greenhouse gas that contributes to climate change.

Exposure to carbon monoxide can cause neurological disorders, such as headaches, dizziness, and impaired cognitive function. It can also lead to cardiovascular problems.

Paints and solvents, gasoline and diesel fuel, and consumer products are all major sources of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). VOCs contribute to the formation of ozone and smog.