The primary objective of a central bank is to maintain price stability, which means keeping inflation low and stable.

A central bank uses a combination of open market operations, reserve requirements, and the discount rate to implement monetary policy.

A central bank uses open market operations to influence the economy by buying and selling government securities in the open market.

An increase in reserve requirements decreases the money supply by requiring banks to hold more reserves.

An increase in the discount rate increases the cost of borrowing for banks, which in turn increases the cost of borrowing for businesses and consumers.

A central bank promotes economic growth by maintaining price stability, which encourages investment and consumer spending.

A central bank ensures financial stability by regulating the banking sector and taking steps to prevent financial crises.

The central bank is the lender of last resort for commercial banks, regulates commercial banks, and provides loans to commercial banks.

A central bank manages the country's foreign exchange reserves, promotes trade and investment, and stabilizes the exchange rate.

Central banks today face a number of challenges, including the increasing complexity of the global economy, the rise of cryptocurrencies, and the threat of climate change.