Soil fertility in India is influenced by a combination of factors including climate, soil texture, soil pH, and the presence of organic matter.

Rainfall is the most important climatic factor affecting soil fertility in India. Adequate rainfall helps in the leaching of salts and the formation of fertile soils.

Loamy soil is a mixture of sand, silt, and clay in roughly equal proportions. It has good drainage and aeration, and it is able to hold both water and nutrients.

The ideal pH range for most crops in India is between 6.5 and 7.5. This range allows for the optimal availability of nutrients to plants.

Crop residues, animal manure, and green manure crops are all important sources of organic matter in Indian soils. Organic matter helps to improve soil structure, water-holding capacity, and nutrient availability.

Nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium are all essential nutrients for plant growth. They are often deficient in Indian soils due to factors such as leaching, erosion, and the removal of nutrients by crops.

Fertilizer application, organic farming, and crop rotation are all common methods of improving soil fertility in India. These methods help to replenish nutrients in the soil and improve soil structure.

Urea is the most commonly used fertilizer in India. It is a nitrogenous fertilizer that is applied to crops to increase their yield.

The recommended dose of nitrogen for rice in India is 100-120 kg/ha. This dose is based on the soil type, crop variety, and expected yield.

Green manuring, composting, and vermicomposting are all organic farming practices that are commonly used to improve soil fertility in India. These practices help to add organic matter to the soil, improve soil structure, and increase nutrient availability.

Crop rotation is a soil fertility management practice that involves growing different crops in a sequence on the same land. The main objectives of crop rotation are to break the pest and disease cycle, improve soil structure, control weeds, and maintain soil fertility.

Sunn hemp, cowpea, and sesbania are all commonly grown as green manure crops in India. These crops are incorporated into the soil to add organic matter and improve soil fertility.

Earthworms play a vital role in improving soil fertility. They help in the decomposition of organic matter, create channels in the soil for better drainage and aeration, and increase the availability of nutrients to plants.

Contour bunding, terracing, and strip cropping are all soil conservation practices that are commonly used to prevent soil erosion in India. These practices help to reduce the impact of rainfall on the soil and prevent the loss of topsoil.

Soil testing is an important tool in soil fertility management. It helps in determining the nutrient status of the soil, recommending the appropriate fertilizer doses, and identifying soil constraints and problems. This information is essential for developing a sound soil fertility management plan.