Horizontal mobility refers to the movement of individuals between different positions within the same social class, without changing their overall social status.

Vertical mobility involves a change in an individual's social status, moving either upward or downward in the social hierarchy.

Intergenerational mobility examines how an individual's social status compares to that of their parents, indicating the extent of social mobility across generations.

Intragenerational mobility refers to changes in an individual's social status over their lifetime, comparing their social position at different points in time.

Higher education is often seen as a pathway to upward social mobility, as it can provide individuals with the skills and knowledge necessary for higher-paying jobs and better career opportunities.

Downward social mobility can lead to social isolation, as individuals may experience a loss of social connections and support networks due to their changed social status.

Horizontal mobility includes movement between different occupations within the same social class, such as a teacher becoming a librarian.

Upward social mobility can lead to enhanced social capital, as individuals gain access to new social networks and resources that can benefit their personal and professional lives.

Job automation can lead to downward social mobility, as technological advancements may displace workers from their jobs, resulting in unemployment or lower-paying employment.

Intergenerational social mobility can perpetuate social inequalities, as individuals from disadvantaged backgrounds may face barriers to upward mobility, limiting their opportunities for social advancement.

Vertical mobility refers to movement between different social classes, either upward or downward.

Intragenerational social mobility can lead to enhanced class consciousness, as individuals may become more aware of their social position and the inequalities that exist in society.

Expanded social welfare programs can contribute to upward social mobility by providing individuals with resources and support to improve their life chances and opportunities for social advancement.

Horizontal social mobility may involve limited career prospects, as individuals may face barriers to advancement within their current social class.

Intergenerational mobility examines how an individual's social status compares to that of their grandparents, indicating the extent of social mobility across multiple generations.