Archaeology is the branch of anthropology that investigates human history and culture through the excavation and analysis of physical remains, artifacts, and environmental data.

Enculturation is the process by which individuals learn and internalize the values, beliefs, and behaviors of their own culture, enabling them to function effectively within that society.

A bilateral kinship system recognizes descent from a common ancestor through both the mother's and father's lines, giving equal importance to both sides of the family.

Sociolinguistics is the branch of linguistics that examines the relationship between language and society, exploring how language is used in different social contexts and how it shapes and is shaped by cultural norms and values.

Ethnocentrism is the belief that one's own culture is superior to all others, leading to the tendency to judge other cultures based on the values and beliefs of one's own culture.

Diffusion is the process by which cultural traits, such as ideas, beliefs, technologies, and practices, spread from one society to another through various means, such as trade, migration, and cultural contact.

Communism is an economic system in which the means of production and distribution are owned in common by the community, eliminating private ownership and promoting collective decision-making.

Biological anthropology, also known as physical anthropology, focuses on the study of human biology, evolution, and genetic diversity, examining the physical characteristics and variations among human populations.

Cultural transmission is the process by which culture is learned and passed down from one generation to the next through social interaction, including language, rituals, beliefs, and values.

Ecological anthropology examines the relationship between humans and their environment, exploring how cultural practices, beliefs, and technologies shape and are shaped by the natural world.

Cultural relativism is the principle that cultural beliefs, values, and practices should be understood and evaluated within their own cultural context, rather than being judged based on the standards of another culture.

Social anthropology, also known as sociocultural anthropology, focuses on the study of social organization, kinship systems, political structures, and cultural practices within human societies.

An oligarchy is a form of government in which power is held by a small group of individuals, typically an elite or ruling class, who control political and economic decision-making.

Linguistic anthropology examines the relationship between language and culture, exploring how language shapes and is shaped by cultural beliefs, values, and practices.

Cultural evolution is the theory that culture changes over time through processes such as innovation, diffusion, and selection, resulting in the emergence of new cultural traits and practices.