J.J. Thomson discovered the electron in 1897 through his experiments with cathode rays.

Sputnik 1, launched by the Soviet Union in 1957, was the first artificial satellite to orbit Earth.

Alexander Graham Bell is credited with inventing the telephone in 1876.

Albert Einstein developed the theory of relativity in the early 20th century.

The Hubble Space Telescope was launched by NASA in 1990 and has revolutionized our understanding of the universe.

Tim Berners-Lee invented the World Wide Web in 1989.

FORTRAN, developed by John Backus in the 1950s, was the first computer programming language.

James Watson and Francis Crick discovered the structure of DNA in 1953.

Neil Armstrong was the first human to walk on the moon in 1969.

John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and William Shockley invented the transistor in 1947.

The Altair 8800, released in 1975, is considered the first personal computer.

Charles Darwin developed the theory of evolution by natural selection in the 19th century.

Viking 1 was the first space probe to land on Mars in 1976.

Johannes Gutenberg invented the printing press in the 15th century.

ELIZA, developed by Joseph Weizenbaum in the 1960s, was the first artificial intelligence program.