Petroleum refining involves a combination of processes aimed at separating crude oil into its various components, converting heavier hydrocarbons into lighter ones, and removing impurities to produce refined products that meet specific quality standards.

Distillation is the primary process used to separate crude oil into its constituent components, based on their different boiling points. The crude oil is heated and vaporized, and the vapors are condensed and collected into various fractions, such as naphtha, kerosene, and gas oil.

Hydrocracking is a catalytic process that converts heavy hydrocarbons, such as those found in vacuum gas oil, into lighter and more valuable products, such as gasoline and diesel fuel.

Reforming is a catalytic process that converts low-octane naphtha into high-octane gasoline by rearranging the molecular structure of the hydrocarbons. This process improves the gasoline's resistance to knocking and allows for higher compression ratios in engines.

Alkylation is a catalytic process that combines light olefins, such as propylene and butylene, with isobutane to produce high-octane gasoline. This process helps improve the gasoline's anti-knock properties and overall quality.

Desulfurization is a process that removes sulfur compounds from crude oil and its products. This process is essential to meet environmental regulations and produce clean fuels with low sulfur content.

Catalytic cracking is a process that converts heavy hydrocarbons into lighter and more valuable products, primarily gasoline. It involves the thermal cracking of hydrocarbons in the presence of a catalyst, resulting in the formation of gasoline, olefins, and other products.

Steam cracking is a process that involves the thermal decomposition of hydrocarbons in the presence of steam. This process produces olefins, such as ethylene and propylene, which are essential feedstocks for the production of plastics, chemicals, and other petrochemical products.

A fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) unit is designed to convert heavy hydrocarbons, such as vacuum gas oil, into lighter and more valuable products, primarily gasoline and olefins. This process involves the thermal cracking of hydrocarbons in the presence of a fluidized catalyst, resulting in the formation of desired products.

Hydrotreating is a catalytic process that involves the reaction of hydrogen with petroleum feedstocks to remove impurities and contaminants, including nitrogen compounds. This process is essential for producing clean fuels with low nitrogen content and meeting environmental regulations.

A hydrotreater is a catalytic process that involves the reaction of hydrogen with petroleum feedstocks to remove impurities and contaminants, such as sulfur, nitrogen, and oxygen compounds. This process is essential for producing clean fuels with low levels of these impurities and meeting environmental regulations.

Solvent refining is a process that involves the selective removal of undesirable components from lubricating oil feedstocks using a solvent. This process helps improve the oil's quality, viscosity index, and other properties, resulting in high-quality lubricating oils.

A visbreaker is a thermal cracking process that is used to reduce the viscosity of heavy oils, such as vacuum residue. This process involves heating the heavy oil to a high temperature in the absence of a catalyst, resulting in the cracking of heavy hydrocarbons into lighter and more valuable products.

Vacuum distillation is a process that involves the distillation of heavy petroleum fractions, such as vacuum residue, under reduced pressure. This process is used to produce asphalt, which is a viscous, black material used in paving and roofing applications.

A coker is a thermal cracking process that is used to convert heavy petroleum fractions, such as vacuum residue, into lighter products and petroleum coke. Petroleum coke is a solid carbonaceous material that is used as a fuel or as a feedstock for the production of other products.