Biocentrism is an ethical principle that assigns inherent value to all living organisms, irrespective of their usefulness or significance to humans.

Externalities are costs or benefits that arise from an economic activity but are not reflected in the market prices of the goods or services involved.

A carbon tax is a fee imposed on the emission of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases, with the aim of reducing pollution and mitigating climate change.

Sustainable development seeks to strike a balance between economic growth and environmental protection, ensuring that the needs of the present generation are met without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

Ecocentrism is an ethical principle that assigns inherent value to the natural environment as a whole, irrespective of its usefulness or significance to humans.

The tragedy of the commons is a situation in which individuals acting in their own self-interest overuse a shared resource, leading to its depletion or degradation.

A cap-and-trade system is an economic instrument that sets a limit on the total amount of pollution that can be emitted and allows polluters to trade emission allowances among themselves.

Environmental justice seeks to address the disproportionate environmental burdens faced by marginalized communities, such as pollution, lack of access to clean water, and the impacts of climate change.

Utilitarianism is an ethical principle that emphasizes the importance of maximizing overall happiness or well-being.

The Coase theorem suggests that externalities can be eliminated through negotiation and bargaining between affected parties, provided that property rights are well-defined and transaction costs are low.

Eco-labeling is an economic instrument that provides financial incentives for businesses to adopt environmentally friendly practices by allowing them to label their products as environmentally friendly.

The precautionary principle emphasizes the need to take precautionary measures to prevent environmental harm, even in the absence of scientific certainty about the risks involved.

Intergenerational equity is an ethical principle that emphasizes the importance of respecting the rights of future generations to a healthy environment.

The double dividend hypothesis suggests that environmental policies can lead to both environmental benefits and economic growth, by stimulating innovation and creating new markets for environmentally friendly goods and services.

Eco-labeling is an economic instrument that provides financial incentives for consumers to purchase environmentally friendly products by allowing them to identify such products easily.