Forest conservation aims to protect and maintain the natural diversity of plant and animal species within forest ecosystems.

The Forest Conservation Act, 1980 is the primary legislation in India that governs the conservation and protection of forests.

Joint Forest Management involves local communities in forest management, promotes sustainable forest practices, and reduces deforestation.

Deforestation in India is primarily caused by agriculture expansion, industrial development, and mining activities.

Clear-cutting involves the removal of all trees in a forest area, which is not a sustainable practice as it can lead to soil erosion, loss of biodiversity, and disruption of ecosystem services.

Afforestation aims to increase the area covered by forests, thereby contributing to the overall conservation and restoration of forest ecosystems.

While forest conservation provides numerous benefits, generation of revenue from timber sales is not a primary objective as it can lead to unsustainable forest practices.

Non-timber forest products (NTFPs) offer alternative sources of income, reduce pressure on timber resources, and encourage sustainable forest management practices.

Overgrazing is not typically considered a challenge faced in forest conservation, as it primarily affects grasslands and rangelands.

Forest certification plays a crucial role in promoting sustainable forest management by ensuring adherence to sustainability standards, providing market incentives, and enhancing transparency and accountability.

Sustainable forest management aims to balance ecological, social, and economic objectives, and maximizing timber production alone is not a key element.

Forest fire management involves measures to prevent, control, and suppress wildfires, thereby protecting forests and their ecological functions.

Expanding protected areas is not a direct strategy for reducing deforestation, as it focuses on conserving existing forests rather than addressing the underlying causes of deforestation.

Community participation in forest conservation is crucial as it incorporates local knowledge, fosters a sense of ownership, and contributes to capacity building for sustainable forest management.

Agroforestry, which involves integrating trees and shrubs into agricultural systems, does not promote deforestation but rather enhances biodiversity, reduces soil erosion, and provides additional income for farmers.