Social stratification refers to the hierarchical arrangement of individuals and groups within a society, where different social classes are ranked based on their access to resources, power, and prestige.

Social stratification can be based on various factors, including wealth, occupation, education, and other social characteristics. These factors determine an individual's or group's social status and position within the social hierarchy.

Social mobility refers to the movement of individuals or groups between different social classes. It can be upward mobility (moving to a higher social class) or downward mobility (moving to a lower social class).

Upward social mobility refers to the movement of individuals or groups from a lower social class to a higher social class. In this case, a person from a working-class background becoming a successful entrepreneur is an example of upward social mobility.

Downward social mobility refers to the movement of individuals or groups from a higher social class to a lower social class. In this case, a person from a wealthy family losing their fortune and becoming poor is an example of downward social mobility.

The functionalist perspective on social stratification argues that social stratification is necessary for the smooth functioning of society. It posits that different social classes perform different roles and functions that contribute to the overall stability and order of society.

The conflict perspective on social stratification argues that social stratification is a product of social conflict between different social classes. It posits that the dominant class uses its power to maintain its privileged position and exploit the lower classes.

A closed social stratification system is one where social mobility is restricted based on factors such as caste, ethnicity, or other ascribed characteristics. In such societies, individuals are born into a particular social class and have limited opportunities for upward mobility.

An open social stratification system is one where social mobility is based on individual merit and achievement. In such societies, individuals have the opportunity to move up or down the social ladder based on their own efforts and abilities.

Social class refers to a group of people who share similar social and economic characteristics, such as income, occupation, education, and lifestyle. Social classes are often ranked in a hierarchical order, with some classes having more power, prestige, and resources than others.

Social classes are groups of people who share similar social and economic characteristics. The working class, middle class, and upper class are all examples of social classes.

Status inconsistency refers to the situation where an individual has different social statuses in different social contexts. For example, a person may have a high social status in their professional life but a low social status in their personal life.

Status inconsistency refers to the situation where an individual has different social statuses in different social contexts. All of the options provided are examples of status inconsistency.

Social mobility refers to the movement of individuals or groups between different social classes. It can be upward mobility (moving to a higher social class) or downward mobility (moving to a lower social class).

Upward social mobility refers to the movement of individuals or groups from a lower social class to a higher social class. In this case, a person from a working-class background becoming a successful entrepreneur is an example of upward social mobility.