Genetic engineering involves the direct manipulation of an organism's genes to alter its characteristics.

Fermentation is a metabolic process that converts sugars into alcohol or acids through the action of microorganisms such as yeast or bacteria.

Pasteurization is a heat treatment process that kills harmful microorganisms in beverages like milk, making them safe for consumption.

Sterilization is a process that completely eliminates all forms of microorganisms, including spores, from a substance.

Fermentation utilizes microorganisms to convert raw materials into valuable substances like alcohol, acids, and antibiotics.

Genetic engineering aims to achieve multiple goals in food production, including increasing crop yield, improving nutritional value, and enhancing resistance to pests and diseases.

Bt cotton is a genetically modified crop that expresses a protein derived from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis, providing resistance against certain insect pests.

Genetically modified crops offer multiple advantages, including reduced need for pesticides and herbicides, increased crop yield, and improved nutritional value.

Golden rice is a genetically modified crop that has been engineered to produce beta-carotene, a precursor of vitamin A, addressing vitamin A deficiency in certain regions.

Concerns associated with genetically modified crops include potential for allergenicity, gene transfer to wild relatives, and development of resistant pests.

Sodium benzoate, potassium sorbate, and calcium propionate are commonly used food additives that inhibit microbial growth and extend the shelf life of food products.

Enzymes play a crucial role in food production by catalyzing chemical reactions to enhance flavor and texture, breaking down complex molecules into simpler components, and converting raw materials into valuable substances.

Monosodium glutamate (MSG) is a widely used food additive that enhances the flavor and aroma of food products, particularly savory dishes.

Food irradiation is primarily used to kill harmful microorganisms, such as bacteria, viruses, and parasites, extending the shelf life of food products and ensuring food safety.

In the United States, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), and the Department of Agriculture (USDA) share the responsibility for regulating genetically modified foods.