Article 246 of the Indian Constitution provides the framework for the distribution of legislative powers between the central and state governments. It categorizes subjects into three lists: the Union List, the State List, and the Concurrent List.

The central government provides financial assistance to state governments through various mechanisms, including tax sharing, grants-in-aid, and loans. Tax sharing involves the distribution of a portion of centrally collected taxes to states based on a predetermined formula. Grants-in-aid are provided for specific purposes, such as infrastructure development or social welfare programs. Loans are provided to states to meet their budgetary needs or finance specific projects.

The central government has implemented various policies to promote the development of backward regions in India. NITI Aayog, formerly known as the Planning Commission, is responsible for formulating and implementing national development policies and programs. The National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA) provides employment opportunities to rural households. Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY) aims to provide all-weather road connectivity to rural areas.

State governments play a crucial role in the implementation of central government policies. They are responsible for formulating policies at the state level, allocating funds for implementation, monitoring and evaluating the implementation process, and ensuring that the policies are effectively implemented within their respective states.

The central government has implemented various policies to promote the use of renewable energy sources in India. The National Solar Mission aims to increase the share of solar energy in the country's energy mix. The National Wind Energy Mission focuses on harnessing wind energy potential. The National Biogas and Organic Manure Programme promotes the use of biogas and organic manure.

The Inter-State Council is a constitutional body that provides a platform for consultation and coordination between the central and state governments. It resolves disputes between states, reviews the progress of centrally sponsored schemes, and makes recommendations for improving inter-state relations.

The central government has implemented various policies to provide affordable housing to urban poor in India. Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY) aims to provide housing for all by 2022. National Urban Housing Mission focuses on providing affordable housing to urban poor. Rajiv Awas Yojana provides financial assistance to states for the construction of affordable housing units.

The Finance Commission is a constitutional body that plays a crucial role in the distribution of financial resources between the central and state governments. It determines the share of states in central taxes, recommends grants-in-aid to states, reviews the fiscal position of states, and makes recommendations for improving the financial health of states.

The central government has implemented various policies to promote digital literacy and access to information technology in rural areas. Digital India aims to transform India into a digitally empowered society. BharatNet aims to provide broadband connectivity to all villages in India. Pradhan Mantri Gramin Digital Saksharta Abhiyan (PMGDISHA) aims to provide digital literacy training to rural citizens.

The NITI Aayog is a think tank that provides policy advice to the central government. It coordinates the implementation of central government policies, monitors the progress of centrally sponsored schemes, and evaluates the impact of government policies and programs.

The central government has implemented various policies to provide financial assistance to farmers in India. Pradhan Mantri Kisan Samman Nidhi (PM-KISAN) provides income support to small and marginal farmers. National Agriculture Policy aims to enhance the productivity and profitability of agriculture. Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana (RKVY) provides financial assistance to states for the implementation of agricultural development programs.

The Goods and Services Tax (GST) has simplified the tax system in India by replacing multiple indirect taxes with a single tax. It has increased the revenue collection of both central and state governments. It has also reduced the burden of compliance for businesses by eliminating the need for multiple tax registrations and returns.

The central government has implemented various policies to provide universal access to healthcare in India. National Health Mission (NHM) aims to improve the health status of the population. Ayushman Bharat Yojana provides comprehensive healthcare coverage to poor and vulnerable families. Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (PMJAY) provides health insurance coverage to poor and vulnerable families.

The Central Empowered Committee (CEC) is a statutory body that monitors the implementation of environmental laws and regulations. It reviews the environmental impact assessments of projects, takes action against violators of environmental laws, and provides guidance to the government on environmental issues.

The central government has implemented various policies to promote the development of micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs) in India. Pradhan Mantri Mudra Yojana (PMMY) provides financial assistance to MSMEs. National Manufacturing Policy aims to enhance the competitiveness of the manufacturing sector. Startup India provides support to startups and entrepreneurs.