Marx argued that class divisions are rooted in the relationship between individuals and the means of production, such as factories, land, and capital.

The bourgeoisie is the capitalist class that possesses the economic power and exploits the working class.

The proletariat is the working class that lacks ownership of the means of production and relies on wage labor for survival.

Marx argued that the inherent conflict between the interests of the bourgeoisie and the proletariat is the driving force of class struggle.

Exploitation refers to the process by which the bourgeoisie appropriates the unpaid labor of the proletariat, resulting in the accumulation of capital.

Marx believed that the contradictions of capitalism would eventually lead to a revolutionary transformation of society, resulting in the abolition of class divisions and the establishment of a classless, communist society.

Alienation refers to the sense of estrangement and loss of control that workers experience under capitalism, as their labor becomes a commodity and they are separated from the fruits of their own labor.

Marx argued that ideology serves as a tool for the ruling class to legitimize its power and maintain social control by shaping the beliefs, values, and norms of society.

Fetishization of commodities refers to the tendency to view commodities as having intrinsic value and power, rather than recognizing them as social products embodying human labor.

Marx argued that the economic base, consisting of the forces and relations of production, shapes the political and ideological superstructure, which includes the state, law, religion, and culture.

Class consciousness refers to the awareness among members of the working class of their shared interests and their potential for collective action to challenge the dominance of the bourgeoisie.

Marx believed that the Communist Party should play a leading role in organizing and mobilizing the working class to overthrow capitalism and establish a socialist society.

Socialism, according to Marx, is the transitional stage between capitalism and communism, characterized by the collective ownership of the means of production and the absence of class divisions.

Marx believed that the ultimate goal of the revolutionary transformation of society is the establishment of a classless, communist society, where the means of production are collectively owned and there is no exploitation or oppression.