Vehicle emissions, particularly from diesel engines, are a major contributor to air pollution in urban areas. These emissions include particulate matter, nitrogen oxides, and hydrocarbons, which can have adverse effects on human health.

Particulate matter, especially fine particulate matter (PM2.5), is strongly associated with respiratory problems. PM2.5 particles can penetrate deep into the lungs and cause inflammation and irritation, leading to increased risk of asthma attacks, bronchitis, and other respiratory issues.

Ozone is a strong irritant that can cause eye irritation, such as redness, itching, and tearing. It can also aggravate existing eye conditions, such as conjunctivitis.

Sulfur dioxide (SO2) is the primary air pollutant responsible for acid rain. When SO2 is released into the atmosphere, it reacts with oxygen and water vapor to form sulfuric acid, which can condense and fall to the ground as acid rain.

Deposition is the process by which air pollutants are removed from the atmosphere and deposited onto surfaces, such as the ground, vegetation, or water bodies. This can occur through dry deposition (direct settling of particles) or wet deposition (removal by precipitation).

Particulate matter, especially fine particulate matter (PM2.5), is strongly associated with cardiovascular disease. PM2.5 particles can enter the bloodstream and cause inflammation, which can increase the risk of heart attacks, strokes, and other cardiovascular problems.

Inversion is a layer of warm air that traps pollutants near the ground, preventing their dispersion. This can lead to high concentrations of air pollutants in urban areas, especially during periods of low wind speed and stable atmospheric conditions.

Benzene is a known carcinogen and is strongly associated with lung cancer. It is released into the air from various sources, including vehicle emissions, industrial processes, and gasoline vapors.

Advection is the process by which air pollutants are transported from one location to another by wind. This can occur over long distances, leading to the transport of air pollutants from one region to another.

Lead is a neurotoxin that can cause a range of neurological disorders, including learning disabilities, behavioral problems, and cognitive impairment. Lead is released into the air from various sources, including industrial emissions, mining activities, and leaded gasoline.

Dispersion is the process by which air pollutants are diluted and dispersed in the atmosphere. This can occur through various mechanisms, such as wind, turbulence, and atmospheric mixing.

Carbon monoxide (CO) is a colorless, odorless gas that can cause a range of health problems, including increased risk of stroke. CO is released into the air from various sources, including vehicle emissions, industrial processes, and incomplete combustion of fuels.

Transformation is the process by which air pollutants are transformed into different chemical species in the atmosphere. This can occur through various chemical reactions, such as oxidation, reduction, and hydrolysis.

Particulate matter, especially fine particulate matter (PM2.5), is strongly associated with increased risk of premature death. PM2.5 particles can penetrate deep into the lungs and cause inflammation and irritation, leading to increased risk of cardiovascular disease, respiratory problems, and other health issues.

Chemical removal is the process by which air pollutants are removed from the atmosphere through chemical reactions. This can occur through various reactions, such as oxidation, reduction, and hydrolysis.