A Markov model is a type of health economics model that simulates the progression of a disease or condition over time, considering different health states and transitions between them.

QALYs are a measure of health-related quality of life that combines both the length of life and the quality of life.

Cost-benefit analysis is a type of health economics model that compares the costs and benefits of two or more healthcare interventions, where both costs and benefits are measured in monetary terms.

In a decision tree analysis, the branches of the tree represent the possible outcomes of a healthcare intervention, such as recovery, death, or progression of the disease.

Markov models are used to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of a healthcare intervention over a long period of time, by simulating the progression of a disease or condition and the associated costs and benefits.

The cost-effectiveness ratio in a cost-effectiveness analysis is calculated by dividing the total cost of the intervention by the total number of QALYs gained.

Microsimulation models are used to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of a healthcare intervention in the context of a specific population, by simulating the behavior of individual patients and their interactions with the healthcare system.

In a decision tree analysis, the nodes of the tree represent decisions to be made, such as whether to provide a particular treatment or not.

Disease-specific models are used to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of a healthcare intervention in the context of a specific disease or condition, by incorporating disease-specific data and parameters.

In a cost-benefit analysis, the benefits of an intervention are typically measured in monetary terms, such as increased productivity or reduced healthcare costs.

Setting-specific models are used to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of a healthcare intervention in the context of a specific healthcare setting, such as a hospital or a clinic.

The ICER in a cost-effectiveness analysis is calculated by dividing the difference in costs between two interventions by the difference in QALYs gained.

Patient-level models are used to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of a healthcare intervention in the context of a specific patient population, by simulating the behavior of individual patients and their interactions with the healthcare system.

In a decision tree analysis, the probabilities of different outcomes are typically estimated using a combination of clinical trials, observational studies, expert opinion, and meta-analysis.

Program-specific models are used to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of a healthcare intervention in the context of a specific healthcare program, such as a disease management program or a preventive care program.