To facilitate the initial issuance of securities

To provide a platform for trading existing securities

To regulate the activities of financial institutions

To manage the government's fiscal policy

Primary markets involve the initial issuance of securities, while secondary markets involve the trading of existing securities.

Primary markets are regulated by the government, while secondary markets are self-regulated.

Primary markets are open to all investors, while secondary markets are restricted to institutional investors.

Primary markets are less liquid than secondary markets.

Equity markets and debt markets

Stock markets and bond markets

IPO markets and secondary markets

Auction markets and over-the-counter markets

The first sale of a company's stock to the public

The process of issuing new shares of stock to existing shareholders

The sale of a company's assets to another company

The merger of two or more companies

They act as intermediaries between companies and investors

They provide financial advice to companies seeking to raise capital

They underwrite securities and distribute them to investors

All of the above

To provide detailed information about the company and the securities being offered

To comply with regulatory requirements

To attract investors and generate interest in the offering

All of the above

In a firm commitment underwriting, the investment bank guarantees to purchase the entire offering, while in a best efforts underwriting, the investment bank only agrees to use its best efforts to sell the securities.

In a firm commitment underwriting, the investment bank charges a higher fee, while in a best efforts underwriting, the investment bank charges a lower fee.

In a firm commitment underwriting, the company receives the proceeds of the offering upfront, while in a best efforts underwriting, the company receives the proceeds only after the securities are sold.

All of the above

To ensure that companies provide accurate and complete information to investors

To protect investors from fraud and misrepresentation

To maintain fair and orderly markets

All of the above

Companies can access a larger pool of investors

Companies can obtain long-term financing

Companies can improve their financial flexibility

All of the above

High costs of issuance

Regulatory requirements and compliance

Risk of market volatility and adverse economic conditions

All of the above

Primary markets facilitate capital formation and investment

Primary markets promote economic efficiency by allocating capital to productive uses

Primary markets contribute to job creation and economic expansion

All of the above

The rise of electronic trading platforms

The increasing use of technology in the issuance and distribution of securities

The emergence of alternative funding platforms, such as crowdfunding and peer-to-peer lending

All of the above

By channeling funds from savers to borrowers

By providing a platform for companies to raise capital for productive investments

By facilitating the transfer of ownership of assets

All of the above

Lack of access to financial infrastructure

Limited investor participation

Regulatory and legal barriers

All of the above

Simplifying regulatory requirements

Providing financial incentives to SMEs

Developing specialized SME-focused platforms

All of the above